A review of bio-oil production from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae

Guo, Yang; Yeh, Thomas M.; Song, Wenhan; Xu, Donghai; Wang, Shuzhong

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.049

Cited by 307 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…The feedstocks used for bioethanol production vary throughout the world (Table 1) 18 . In Brazil, sugarcane is preferred; in USA corn is the major crop; across Europe it is predominantly wheat and barley, and in India, it is sugarcane molasses -a by-product of sugar manufacturing industry 3 .…”

Section: Feedstock Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over 100 distilleries in India are producing ethanol by continuous process, due to its higher efficiency, i.e. 89-90% (80-84% for batch process), less water consumption and ease of operation 3,13,36 .…”

Section: Synthetic Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A third method involves the use of calcium oxide as desiccant. Prior to shipping ethanol to the gasoline distribution centre for blending, a small amount of gasoline (~5%) is added to denature the ethanol, making it unfit for drinking 3,12,30,42,45 .…”

Section: Synthetic Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the International Energy Agency statistics, the transport sector accounts for about 60% of total global oil consumption. About 20% of CO 2 emission on a global scale is due to transport fuels [2][3][4] .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Viable Feedstock Options and Technological Challenges for Ethanol Production in India

2016

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Though improvements in processing and technology are important, the fluctuating price of inputs such as molasses, corn, sugar beet, sugarcane, sweet sorghum, starch, etc. and their seasonal availability play an important role in ethanol industry. As a matter of fact, the ethanol industry based on conventional resources has reached its saturation point. Technologies for ethanol production from lignocellulosics are being developed by scientists world over with the objective of exploiting the potential of a resource, which is otherwise considered a waste, to generate energy. The focus has been to produce ethanol in a cost-effective manner, besides aiming to find use of its by-products as food supplements for cattles, etc. Recent developments like adoption of technologies such as dry grind fractionation, which is now commercially viable, would reduce the cost of milling; wet milling being costintensive and dry milling requiring smaller plants.

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Section: Feedstock Optionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthetic Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthetic Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Viable Feedstock Options and Technological Challenges for Ethanol Production in India

2016

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“…Therefore, an integrated biorefinery process for ALU pathway was established [6]. The second technique is via the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway that produces a water-insoluble bio-crude oil by using treatments at high pressure (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) and at the temperature range of 250-450°C [7,8]. Other techniques, such as pyrolysis [9] and gasification [10,11], were also applied for converting algae to biofuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standards and Protocols for Characterization of Algae-Based Biofuels

Yang

Zhang²,

Cui³

et al. 2016

Tr Ren Energy

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Recently, algae have been considered as the third-generation biofuel feedstock, which can be converted to the precursor chemicals of drop-in fuels via either the algal lipid upgrading (ALU) pathway or the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway. These precursors could be further processed and upgraded to fuels. This article reviews the standards and protocols that are suitable for characterization of drop-in algal biofuels. Applicable ASTM standards and European standards (EN) were summarized. The protocols that have been used by researches and the National Institute of Standards and Technology were also introduced. Keywords: Algae-Based Biofuels; ASTM Standards; European Standards (EN); Drop-in Algal Biofuel; Algal Lipid Upgrading (ALU); Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) IntroductionAlgae are a big variety of photosynthetic organisms, while microalgae are prokaryotic or eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly and live in harsh conditions due to their unicellular or simple multicellular structure. It is estimated that more than 50,000 species exist, but only a limited number of algal species have been studied and analyzed [1]. Microalgae have the ability to mitigate greenhouse gases, and some species can accumulate oil with a high productivity, thereby having the potential for applications in producing the third-generation of biofuels [2].During the past decade, government agencies and the private sector had shown tremendous interests in algae related studies. Thus, the algal technologies for biofuels production have been greatly advanced [3]. The algal biofuel production cost was significantly reduced, and the advanced process options for the conversion of algal biomass into biofuels and bioproducts have been developed [4]. Currently, there are two approaches that were suggested by the US Department of Energy as the promising technologies for algal biomass conversion. The first approach is call the algal lipid upgrading (ALU) pathway, in which algal oils are extracted from the biomass via highpressure homogenization with hexane [5]. This approach was further improved by combining with a biological conversion route that converts carbohydrates in algae to ethanol. Therefore, an integrated biorefinery process for ALU pathway was established [6]. The second technique is via the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) pathway that produces a water-insoluble bio-crude oil by using treatments at high pressure (5-20 MPa) 57 and at the temperature range of 250-450°C [7,8]. Other techniques, such as pyrolysis [9] and gasification [10,11], were also applied for converting algae to biofuels. However, these techniques have not been extensively studied yet, because of their inherent problems.The products from ALU and HTL are crude algal oil and bio-crude oil, respectively. Due to the low selectivity of two pathways, both products contain impurities like heteroatoms, oxygenated compounds, and nitrogenated compounds. In order to synthesize algae-based drop-in fuels, it requires upgrading processes (such as crackin...

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Solvent Liquefaction

Ghosh

Haverly²

2019

Thermochemical Processing of Biomass

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A review of bio-oil production from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae

Cited by 307 publications

References 134 publications

Viable Feedstock Options and Technological Challenges for Ethanol Production in India

Viable Feedstock Options and Technological Challenges for Ethanol Production in India

Standards and Protocols for Characterization of Algae-Based Biofuels

Solvent Liquefaction

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