A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings

Abstract

The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.

Drug- and Multidrug-Resistance Pattern of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Droppings of Healthy Chickens on a Poultry Farm in Southwest Ethiopia

“… 9 For instance, the emergence of AMR from poultry and poultry farms is recognized as a potential community health concern as it can be transmitted through food chains and direct contact with poultry and poultry products. 3 , 9 The situation influenced international organizations to give emphasis over decades to recognizing its current threat on public health and veterinary medicine. 10 The World Health Organization has recognized the need for an improved and coordinated global effort to contain the problem of emerging antimicrobial resistance based on global surveillance.…”

The Wide Range of Antibiotic Resistance and Variability of Genotypic Profiles in Escherichia coli from Domestic Animals in Eastern Sicily

“…Although the lowest incidence (8%) of resistance was observed to colistin, the eight resistant strains showed a MIC value of 16 µg/mL (data not shown), which is much higher than the clinical breakpoint [ 23 ]. Furthermore, the colistin-resistant strains, despite isolated from different domestic animals, were distinguished for the high level of resistance, spanning from 15 to 8 antibiotics ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Consequently, diseases that in the past were treatable are now untreatable or require the latest line of antibiotics [ 20 ]. Moreover, the food animal industry contributes to the increasing occurrence of AR through certain farm management practices to promote the well-being and growth of animals that can promote the selection of resistomes in the environment, with potential spillover to animals and humans [ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Advances in Poultry Nutrition Research-A Review

“…This has to do with maintenance of natural balance of beneficial and pathogenic microorganism populations in the gut. Thus, the use of antibiotics previously as feed additive tended to cause imbalance between these two groups of microbes by eliminating largely the beneficial microbes as well as cause meat contamination and resistance problems in humans [38,39]. Hence, the introduction of probiotics/ prebiotics/synbiotics (combination of pro-prebiotic) as replacement for antibiotics.…”