A Review: Growing Rice in the Controlled Environments

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple crop. Rice is a source of essential vitamins such as vitamin C and B6, carbohydrates and other nutrients such as selenium and phosphorous. About 90% of world’s rice are cultivated in Asia and Africa. China is the leading producer. It fulfills 70% income and nutrition needs of Asian population. Rice can be the potential solution to hunger and malnutrition, especially in poor, developing countries. The methods of rice growth are transplanting and cultivation media, grow in hydroponic condition and grow in soil. The production of rice is impacted by biotic stressors, which are present in a wide range of agro-climatic conditions around the world. Multiple diseases can be brought on by biotic pressures caused by climate change. To mitigate the impact of climate change and enhance rice cultivation unique germplasms are being cultivated. This review presents unique germplasm of rice and their cultivators, methods of rice cultivation, disadvantages of rice cultivation for research purpose and diseases that affect rice.

Synergic Effects of Salinity and Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) Infection on Growth and Yield Attributes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

“…Exploring a deeper apprehension of the mechanisms of rice response to diverse stress factors can serve as a foundational basis for the improvement of rice cultivars endowed with heightened tolerance to stressors (Usman et al, 2023). Furthermore, concerted efforts have been directed towards enhancing the nutritional profile and value of rice through the process of biofortification, which aims to reverse the deficiencies of micronutrient and ameliorate human health (Al-hashimi, 2023). By tackling these challenges and implementing sustainable and enduring practices, the cultivation of rice can persist in its contributions to global food security.…”

“…Salinity stress exerts a deleterious and adverse effects on critical physiological processes in rice plants, including but not limited to photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, water relations and hormonal regulation, thereby exacerbating the detrimental impact (Abu-Ria et al, 2023). Numerous studies have provided valuable contributions towards understanding the effects of salinity on rice plants, elucidating the reduction in various growth indices, presence of Na + at toxic levels, decrease in K + as well as K + /Na + ratio, malondialdehyde buildup, electrolyte leakage in addition to alterations of osmolytes content and antioxidant defense system (Abu-Ria et al, 2023;Al-hashimi, 2023;Chakrobortty et al, 2022;Mustapha et al, 2022b;Muthuramalingam et al, 2022).…”