A Reliable Transport Scheme for Human Opportunistic Networks

Abstract

The human opportunistic networks (ONs) formed by hand-held smart devices can facilitate peer-to-peer communication when humans are on the move, despite contemporaneous end-to-end paths rarely existing. In some scenarios, where network resources, especially power, are scarce and the traffic is large, the data delivery is prone to poor user experience and unbounded delay, although the best effort mechanism “store-carry-forward” is used. To cope with that, most transport/routing schemes obtain an acceptable latency at the cost of energy resources. In real-life human ONs, however, excessive energy consumption will trigger passive participation of the relays in message forwarding, so as to save their limited energy resource. Thus, the reliability of these schemes may get worse in real-life human ONs. In this paper, a reliable transport scheme is developed by making an optimal trade-off between the file round-trip delay and the energy consumption of relays. We make use of acknowledgements and coding at the source to enable successful file delivery. When setting up the network model, the cache management rule referred as “full-duplex” strategy is formulated, and then a mathematical model is established to analyze the proposed scheme. This model describes the evolution of packet dissemination and allows both the mean file round-trip delay and the energy consumption up to the reception of the last acknowledgement by the source to be expressed. Subsequently, a new function based on these two metrics is proposed to reflect the number of files that can be delivered under time and energy constraints. Through optimization procedure, the configurations that can maximize the function are obtained; thus, the optimization of these two metrics is achieved. Numerous simulations and comparisons are conducted and the results verify the accuracy of the analytical model. Comparison results show that with limited energy and passive relays, the proposed transport scheme can significantly reduce the energy consumption of file delivery, which obviously alleviates the selfish behavior of nodes. Therefore, the reliability and stability of the communication service in human ONs are enhanced.

Draft Methodology of the Age Management Implementation in Human Resource Management in a Transport Company

“…Human resources have long been and will surely continue to be one of the pillars of most companies (Liu et al 2020). Not a single corporation could operate without its employees on a long-term basis, let alone its development and making profits.…”