A Reliable and Practical Accelerated Test Method for Predicting the Long-Term Storage Stabilities of Aviation Turbine Fuels Based on Hydroperoxide Formation

Pande, Seetar G.; Black, Bruce H.; Hardy, Dennis R.

doi:10.1021/ef00049a027

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The dependency of gum formation with the oxygen concentration is commonly used in accelerated aging methods, such as the induction period, washed gum, and potential residue method tests, and some methods to evaluate gum formation behavior of gasoline, − distillate fuel, and jet fuel. ,,, Moreover, Stavinoha et al presented a table to correlate accelerated test conditions with various temperatures and various oxygen concentrations for a given time of storage using two different mathematical relations.…”

Section: Parameters That Influence Gum Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gum Formation in Gasoline and Its Blends: A Review

Pradelle¹,

Braga²,

Martins³

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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Gasoline is a volatile mixture of hydrocarbons that is used in spark-ignition (SI) engines. It is a complex mixture composed of olefinic, paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons (C 4 −C 12 ), among other substances in a smaller concentration. In several countries, such as Brazil, ethanol is used pure as a renewable fuel for SI engines, especially in flex fuel engines, and/or an additive to improve the octane number of gasoline. During storage, some classes of hydrocarbons in gasoline blends, particularly olefins and diolefins, are able to slowly react, at ambient temperatures, with the oxygen in the air. The formed oxidation products are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called deposits or gums, which sticks to the metal surfaces along the vehicle-fuel system, from the tank to the combustion chamber. Accumulation of these products can cause engine wear and can have adverse effects on engine efficiency, performance, emission, and durability. Consequently, it is necessary to predict gasoline blend behavior and prevent gum formation, improving gasoline quality and using additives. Even if the number of publications dedicated to gum formation in gasoline blends is reduced, results available in the literature for other fuels can be applied to the gasoline issue. This review intends to define more precise fuel stability concepts and what is considered a gum. It also aims to present the oxidation mechanism involved in gum formation, determine the main parameters influencing gum deposition in gasoline blends, and describe the experimental tools available to measure gum content.

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Section: Parameters That Influence Gum Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gum Formation in Gasoline and Its Blends: A Review

Pradelle¹,

Braga²,

Martins³

et al. 2015

Energy Fuels

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“…The technique employed was based on the methodology developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). 28 The studies exposed a small volume of fuel for a specific test duration at 100°C with 50 psig air overpressure. Previous NRL studies related the accelerated stress duration to ambient temperature storage via a simple Arrhenius correlation: fuel exposure at 100°C (and air/oxygen overpressure) for 24 hours approximates 9 months storage while 48 hours stress approximates 1.5 years storage.…”

Section: Storage Stability Via Low Pressure Reactor Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Air Force Research Laboratory SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY ACRONYM(S)Propulsion SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-RZ-WP-TR-2008-2034 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPAO Case Number and clearance date: 88ABW2008-1311, 17 Dec 2008. ABSTRACTThe studies and analysis performed in this report were made to improve the understanding of blending an Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) produced from natural gas via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with several petroleum-derived fuels on the resulting chemical, physical and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) properties. The IPK had a similar distillation range to a typical jet fuel and high iso-/normal alkane ratio. Blending showed a linear dependence in the specification and non-specification properties with blend ratio. Determination and understanding of this dependence allows for the prediction of anticipated fuel properties during blending and for statistical analysis using historical fuel property distribution data to be performed to investigate expected fuel properties and variability as a function of blend ratio. SUBJECT TERMS Executive SummaryThere has been increasing interest in recent years in the development and use of aviation fuels derived from non-petroleum feedstocks. The motivation for use of domestically-produced alternative fuels is driven by many factors, including homeland defense, military preparedness and economic security. Development of processes and infrastructure to produce liquid fuels from domestic sources, such as coal or biological feedstocks, could significantly assist in achieving this goal. One approach that can be implemented is the use of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis to produce liquid fuels via indirect liquefaction. The primary products from low temperature FT synthesis are typically long-chain n-alkanes, which can be converted to branched alkanes and separated into the desired distillation range. This product is typically referred to as Iso-Paraff...

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“…Blends were stressed and peroxide content measured based on a process described by Pande et al using a low pressure reactor (LPR) at 100°C with 500 kPa air overpressure for 16 h with subsequent peroxide measurement [16,17]. Peroxide testing was Samples of neat aromatics were stressed in the PetroOxy and were examined by GCMS to determine the range of oxidation products formed during the stressing process.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%