A Relationship Between Human Oral Bacteria and the Menstrual Cycle

Prout, R.E.S.; Hopps, Rosamund M.

doi:10.1902/jop.1970.41.2.98

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Some authors believe that an increase in VSC concentration may be due to hormonal variations (6,20). It has been demonstrated that during the menstrual stage, there is an increase in the oral bacteria number (33), and perhaps this factor can be related to the increase in VSC concentration. Tonzetich et al (20) also observed that during the menstrual cycle there is a variation of VSC concentration in the breath.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between stressful situations, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur‐containing compounds

Queiroz

Fujimaki

Tabchoury

et al. 2002

European J Oral Sciences

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The relationship between stress, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur-containing compounds (VSCs) is not clearly established. Two stressful situations were studied: psychological stress caused by a biochemistry examination (Study I) and psychophysiological stress caused by premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (Study II). Seventy-one undergraduate dental students took part in Study I and VSCs were measured 1 wk before the examination, on the day of examination and 1 wk after. In Study II, 50 women were selected (23 with and 27 without PMS) and the measurements were made during non-menstrual, premenstrual and menstrual stages. Unstimulated salivary flow was determined in the subjects of both studies. On the day of the biochemistry examination, VSCs significantly increased and salivary flow decreased compared with baseline values. Women with PMS showed higher VSC concentrations during the premenstrual stage than those without PMS (P < 0.05), but the salivary flow was not statistically different. A change in VSCs was observed during different stages of the menstrual cycle for the groups of women, but the salivary flow did not change. The results suggest that a stressful situation can be a predisposing factor for the increase of VSCs in the mouth air, but the mechanism cannot be simply explained by reduction of the salivary flow.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between stressful situations, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur‐containing compounds

Queiroz

Fujimaki

Tabchoury

et al. 2002

European J Oral Sciences

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“…Changes in levels of subgingival and salivary bacteria during the menstrual cycle have been examined in a few studies (10, 26, 93). Prout & Hopps (93) found a possible association between ovulation and the levels of anaerobic bacteria in saliva; however, the findings of this study are based on a sample size of only six subjects, several of whom were not available for sampling during ovulation and menstruation, causing a significant reduction in the number of samples available for bacterial analysis during these periods. This meant that statistical comparisons could not be performed, calling into question the conclusions of the authors.…”

Section: Endogenous Sex Steroids and The Subgingival Biofilmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and the subgingival microbiome: Do female sex steroids affect periodontal bacteria?

Kumar¹

2012

Periodontology 2000

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Fluctuations in the levels of sex steroid hormones begin at menarche and end with menopause in the human female. The association between gingivitis and increases in systemic sex steroids has been extensively reported and the biological mechanisms underlying this florid inflammatory state have been examined over several decades. The purpose of this review is to critically examine the evidence in the literature on the effect of female sex steroids on oral bacterial communities.

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“…Emotional alterations have been reported to increase the VSC (Kurihara and Marcondes, 2002;Queiroz et al, 2002;Calil and Marcondes, 2006); these findings are in accord with those obtained in the present study. Menstrual cycle could also increase VSC owing to epithelial desquamation of the oral mucosa (Tonzetich et al, 1978) or an increase in the number of bacteria in the oral cavity during menstruation (Prout and Hopps, 1970). Gingival and periodontal tissues have receptors for sex hormones, whose concentration might change, leading to an increase in the vascular permeability and a decrease in the keratinization of the gingival epithelium (Marioti, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of gender and stress on the volatile sulfur compounds and stress biomarkers production

Lima¹,

Calil²,

Marcondes³

2012

Oral Diseases

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A Relationship Between Human Oral Bacteria and the Menstrual Cycle

Cited by 20 publications

References 8 publications

Relationship between stressful situations, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur‐containing compounds

Relationship between stressful situations, salivary flow rate and oral volatile sulfur‐containing compounds

Sex and the subgingival microbiome: Do female sex steroids affect periodontal bacteria?

Influence of gender and stress on the volatile sulfur compounds and stress biomarkers production

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