Sex and the subgingival microbiome: Do female sex steroids affect periodontal bacteria?

Kumar, Purnima

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00398.x

Cited by 86 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Sex-specific differences previously have been observed in the bacterial biota of human hand surfaces (Staudinger et al, 2011), the forearm (Fierer et al, 2008), the gut (Mueller et al, 2006;Li et al, 2008) and the subgingival crevice (Slots et al, 1990;Schenkein et al, 1993;Umeda et al, 1998;Kumar 2013). Oral bacteria have been observed to change with periods of major hormonal fluctuations, such as puberty or pregnancy, and the hormonal changes may have a causative role in this observation of diversion of microorganisms by sex (Kumar, 2013). In this study, variance among viromes was explained by differences in sex of the host more so than variance among individuals (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent

et al. 2014

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Viruses are the most abundant members of the human oral microbiome, yet relatively little is known about their biodiversity in humans. To improve our understanding of the DNA viruses that inhabit the human oral cavity, we examined saliva from a cohort of eight unrelated subjects over a 60-day period. Each subject was examined at 11 time points to characterize longitudinal differences in human oral viruses. Our primary goals were to determine whether oral viruses were specific to individuals and whether viral genotypes persisted over time. We found a subset of homologous viral genotypes across all subjects and time points studied, suggesting that certain genotypes may be ubiquitous among healthy human subjects. We also found significant associations between viral genotypes and individual subjects, indicating that viruses are a highly personalized feature of the healthy human oral microbiome. Many of these oral viruses were not transient members of the oral ecosystem, as demonstrated by the persistence of certain viruses throughout the entire 60-day study period. As has previously been demonstrated for bacteria and fungi, membership in the oral viral community was significantly associated with the sex of each subject. Similar characteristics of personalized, sex-specific microflora could not be identified for oral bacterial communities based on 16S rRNA. Our findings that many viruses are stable and individual-specific members of the oral ecosystem suggest that viruses have an important role in the human oral ecosystem.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent

et al. 2014

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“…The primary etiological factor for periodontal diseases is microorganisms in the dental plaque, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia species, which can also be detected in saliva [9]. Importantly, the effect of female steroid hormones on the composition of oral microbiota has been reported in puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and with oral contraceptive usage [10]. Nevertheless, there is still limited information about the composition of oral microbiota, with regards to systemic inflammatory conditions triggered by hormonal disorders, such as PCOS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Oral Microbiota and Systemic Antibody Responses

et al. 2014

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder of women that not only is the leading cause of infertility but also shows a reciprocal link with oral health. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the levels of putative periodontal pathogens in saliva and their antibody response in serum are elevated in PCOS, compared to systemic health. A total of 125 women were included in four groups; 45 women with PCOS and healthy periodontium, 35 women with PCOS and gingivitis, 25 systemically and periodontally healthy women, 20 systemically healthy women with gingivitis. Salivary levels of seven putative periodontal pathogens were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and serum antibody levels were analyzed by ELISA. In women with PCOS, salivary Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus oralis and Tannerella forsythia levels were higher than matched systemically healthy women, particularly in the case of gingivitis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Treponema denticola levels were similar among study groups. The presence of PCOS also enhanced P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and S. oralis serum antibody levels, when gingivitis was also present. Gingival inflammation correlated positively with levels of the studied taxa in saliva, particularly in PCOS. The presence of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum in saliva also exhibited a strong positive correlation with the corresponding serum antibody levels. In conclusion, as an underlying systemic endocrine condition, PCOS may quantitatively affect the composition of oral microbiota and the raised systemic response to selective members of this microbial community, exerting a confounding role in resultant gingival inflammation and periodontal health. The most consistent effect appeared to be exerted on P. gingivalis.

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“…The exact mechanism for this phenomenon is unclear, but the presence of sex hormone receptors on the surface of gingival cells, osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts suggests that changes in the concentrations of sex hormones have a direct effect on oral mucosa and periodontium [Khosravisamani et al, 2014]. Furthermore, the hormone estradiol, found in serum in boys and girls during puberty [Kumar, 2013], has been suggested to act as growth factor for selected oral bacteria: Prevotella intermedia can accumulate estradiol as a substitute for vitamin K in vitro [Kornman and Loesche, 1982].…”

Section: Puberty As An Example Of Allostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Understanding Oral Health

Zaura

Cate

2015

Caries Res

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During the last century, dental research has focused on unraveling the mechanisms behind various oral pathologies, while oral health was typically described as the mere absence of oral diseases. The term ‘oral microbial homeostasis' is used to describe the capacity of the oral ecosystem to maintain microbial community stability in health. However, the oral ecosystem itself is not stable: throughout life an individual undergoes multiple physiological changes while progressing through infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. Recent discussions on the definition of general health have led to the proposal that health is the ability of the individual to adapt to physiological changes, a condition known as allostasis. In this paper the allostasis principle is applied to the oral ecosystem. The multidimensionality of the host factors contributing to allostasis in the oral cavity is illustrated with an example on changes occurring in puberty. The complex phenomenon of oral health and the processes that prevent the ecosystem from collapsing during allostatic changes in the entire body are far from being understood. As yet individual components (e.g. hard tissues, microbiome, saliva, host response) have been investigated, while only by consolidating these and assessing their multidimensional interactions should we be able to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem, which in turn could serve to develop rational schemes to maintain health. Adapting such a ‘system approach' comes with major practical challenges for the entire research field and will require vast resources and large-scale multidisciplinary collaborations.

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Sex and the subgingival microbiome: Do female sex steroids affect periodontal bacteria?

Cited by 86 publications

References 125 publications

Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent

Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent

Association between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Oral Microbiota and Systemic Antibody Responses

Towards Understanding Oral Health

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