A Regional Review of Marine and Coastal Impacts of Climate Change on the ROPME Sea Area

Lincoln, Susana; Buckley, Paul; Howes, Ella L.; Maltby, Katherine M.; Pinnegar, John K.; Ali, Thamer S.; Alosairi, Y.; Al-Ragum, Alanoud; Baglee, Alastair; Balmes, Chiden; Ben-Hamadou, Radhouan; Burt, John A.; Claereboudt, Michel R.; Glavan, Jane; Mamiit, Rusyan Jill; Naser, Humood A.; Sedighi, O.; Shokri, Mohammad Reza; Shuhaibar, Bassam N.; Wabnitz, Colette C.C.; Quesne, Will J.F. Le

doi:10.3390/su132413810

Cited by 22 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…O 2 decline is only one among many stressors that the Gulf ecosystems have to deal with. Rapid warming and additional changes in pH (acidification), salinity (desalination) and nutrient load (eutrophication) are a few other examples of stressors that may further push these ecosystems closer to critical environmental thresholds (Le Quesne et al, 2021;Lincoln et al, 2021;Maltby et al, 2022). Moreover, these multiple stressors may interact in complex ways and lead to synergistic or antagonistic effects that cause a larger or a smaller impact on the organisms and ecosystems than when experienced in isolation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Gulf hosts a variety of marine ecosystems that have adapted to its harsh environment ranging from mangroves and seagrasses to coral reefs (Vaughan et al, 2019). Yet, under the recent rapid growth of the populations and economies of the surrounding countries on the one hand and the changing regional climate on the other hand, these ecosystems are experiencing an ever-increasing pressure from anthropogenic activity (Sheppard et al, 2010;Burt, 2014;Naser, 2014;Lincoln et al, 2021). Examples of anthropogenic stressors altering the local biogeochemistry and potentially threatening the local ecosystems include the rise of eutrophication and a fast rate of warming of up to 0.6 ± 0.3°C per decade, two to three times higher than the global average over the same period (Strong et al, 2011;Al-Yamani and Naqvi, 2019;Burt et al, 2019;Lachkar et al, 2021;Lincoln et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, under the recent rapid growth of the populations and economies of the surrounding countries on the one hand and the changing regional climate on the other hand, these ecosystems are experiencing an ever-increasing pressure from anthropogenic activity (Sheppard et al, 2010;Burt, 2014;Naser, 2014;Lincoln et al, 2021). Examples of anthropogenic stressors altering the local biogeochemistry and potentially threatening the local ecosystems include the rise of eutrophication and a fast rate of warming of up to 0.6 ± 0.3°C per decade, two to three times higher than the global average over the same period (Strong et al, 2011;Al-Yamani and Naqvi, 2019;Burt et al, 2019;Lachkar et al, 2021;Lincoln et al, 2021). The increased nutrient loading (either directly through pollution from terrestrial sources or indirectly due to altered oceanic circulation because of climate change) together with the warming of the Gulf can cause a decline in O 2 and lead to the emergence of hypoxia due to enhanced remineralization, increased stratification and reduced O 2 solubility (Al-Ansari et al, 2015;Al-Yamani and Naqvi, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the Arabian Gulf and its drivers

et al. 2022

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The Arabian Gulf (also known as Persian Gulf, hereafter Gulf) is a shallow semi-enclosed subtropical sea known for its extreme physical environment. Recent observations suggest a decline in oxygen concentrations in the Gulf over the past few decades accompanied by an expansion of seasonal near-bottom hypoxia. Here, we reconstruct the evolution of dissolved oxygen in the Gulf from 1982 through 2010 and explore its controlling factors. To this end, we use an eddy-resolving hindcast simulation forced with winds and heat and freshwater fluxes from an atmospheric reanalysis. We show that seasonal near-bottom hypoxia (O2< 60 mmol m-3) emerges in the deeper part of the Gulf over summer and peaks in autumn in response to enhanced vertical stratification inhibiting mixing and O2 replenishment at depth. We also find a significant deoxygenation in the Gulf over the study period, with the Gulf O2 content dropping by nearly 1% per decade and near-bottom O2 decreasing by between 10 and 30 mmol m-3 in the deeper part of the Gulf between the early 1980s and the late 2000s. These changes result in the horizontal expansion of seasonal bottom hypoxia with the hypoxia-prone seafloor area increasing from less than 20,000 km2 in the 1980s to around 30,000 km2 in the 2000s. The expansion of hypoxia is also accompanied by a lengthening of the hypoxic season with hypoxia emerging locally 1 to 2 months earlier in the late 2000s relative to the early 1980s. Furthermore, declining near-bottom O2 levels result in the expansion of suboxic conditions (O2< 4 mmol m-3) and the emergence and amplification of denitrification there. An analysis of the Gulf oxygen budget demonstrates that deoxygenation is essentially caused by reduced oxygen solubility near the surface and enhanced respiration near the bottom. While reduced solubility results from the warming of the Gulf waters, enhanced respiration is mostly driven by an increased supply of nutrients imported from the Arabian Sea due to the weakening of winter Shamal winds over the study period. Our findings suggest that recent changes in local climate are not only altering the Gulf physical environment but are also having a strong impact on the Gulf biogeochemistry with profound potential implications for the ecosystems and the fisheries of the region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the Arabian Gulf and its drivers

et al. 2022

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“…Terdapat dua kemungkinan terhadap stratifikasi massa air yaitu kolom perairan terstratifikasi sempurna dan hanya sebagian. Dampak lainnya akibat pengadukan oleh angin dan diikuti terjadinya hipoksia (Ni et al, 2016;Lincoln, et al, 2021).…”

Section: Distribusi Vertikalunclassified

Alternatif Pengukuran Konsentrasi Oksigen Terlarut Di Laut Indonesia Bagian Barat Pada Muson Tenggara

Hamzah¹,

Teguh

Trenggono

et al. 2023

J. Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis

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Pengukuran oksigen terlarut dengan metode Winkler memiliki kelemahan, namun bisa diatasi dengan metode spektrofotometri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengukur konsentrasi oksigen terlarut berdasarkan metode spektrofotometri di bagian barat laut Indonesia pada muson tenggara Juni 2015. Konsentrasi oksigen diukur berdasarkan hukum Lambert-Beer dengan panjang gelombang 466 nm. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi oksigen tinggi di bagian barat Selat Karimata dan rendah pada bagian tengah selat yang dimungkinkan karena tingginya proses oksidasi bahan organik dan respirasi. Konsentrasi oksigen cenderung seragam di seluruh kolom air Laut Jawa bagian barat, hal tersebut mencerminkan proses pencampuran sempurna. Konsenstrasi yang sama juga terlihat jelas pada lapisan permukaan di Selat Sunda dan berkurang dengan bertambahnya kedalaman. Laut Indonesia bagian barat cenderung supersaturasi pada lapisan permukaan dan mengindikasikan adanya pertukaran yang cepat antara oksigen pada lapisan permukaan air laut dengan atmosfer. Hasil korelasi pengukuran oksigen antara metode spektrofotometri dan sensor menunjukkan hubungan yang baik sehingga dapat dijadikan alternatif dalam mengukur konsentrasi oksigen terlarut dan dapat digunakan pada berbagai rentang konsentrasi oksigen yang luas di wilayah laut, air tawar, dan pesisir.

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“…The Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME) Sea Area (RSA) in the northern Indian Ocean (comprising Arabian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and the northern Arabian Sea) already vulnerable to extreme environmental conditions and is one of the world's warmest seas. Due to climate change is already affecting sea temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and sea level and are expected to vary over time [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worrying about Climate Change

Alnaser¹,

Flanagan²,

Kazmerski³

et al. 2022

ACS

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It is becoming clear that Climate Change is getting severe. It was reported that the improved ocean heat measurements have a rate of warming upwards from 4 to 5 Hiroshima bombs liberated heat per second or 388,800 per day. It was reported also that our climate has accumulated the equivalent of a total of more than 2.8 billion Hiroshima bombs' worth of heat since 1998. Despite this global concern about the effect of global change on environment, it is believed that the problem is much more severe and with greater impact on all facets of life. The effect of Climate Change, especially with a 1˚C increase in global temperature (from 14˚C to 15˚C) is equivalent to the heat liberated from explosion of about 300 million Hiroshima of atomic bomb. This is why this CoP 26 becomes more serious and had targeted year 2060 as a year of zero CO 2 emission. This paper discusses the impact of climate change on ten sectors; water, water desalination, energy, renewable energy supply, health, society, agriculture, economy, industry, and built environment.

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A Regional Review of Marine and Coastal Impacts of Climate Change on the ROPME Sea Area

Cited by 22 publications

References 233 publications

Recent expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the Arabian Gulf and its drivers

Recent expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the Arabian Gulf and its drivers

Alternatif Pengukuran Konsentrasi Oksigen Terlarut Di Laut Indonesia Bagian Barat Pada Muson Tenggara

Worrying about Climate Change

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