A refined protocol for calculating air flow rate of naturallyventilated broiler barns based on co2 mass balance

Barreto-Mendes, Luciano; Ferreira-Tinôco, Ilda de Fátima; Ogink, N.W.M.; Osorio-Hernandez, Robinson; Saráz, Jairo Alexander Osorio

doi:10.15446/dyna.v81n185.38069

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Mendes et al (2014) [45] calculated the ammonia emission factor in broiler facilities with natural and mechanical ventilation systems. The ventilation rate was calculated according to the method described by Pedersen et al (2008) [67], and the ammonia emission rate according to Equation ( 6), described by Barreto- Mendes et al (2014) [8].…”

Section: Ammonia Emission Inventoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In countries with a tropical climate, such as Brazil, poultry facilities are predominantly open or hybrid, that is, they can operate in an open or closed manner according to the thermal conditioning needs of the birds and the local climatic conditions. This typological trend is due to the advantages of the tropical climate, which allows the use of natural ventilation in aviaries reducing production costs [3,8]. In broiler production systems, poultry litter is used on the floor of the facility with the main function of incorporating the waste generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the huge number of methods for measuring ammonia concentration, most are still expensive and have limitations in terms of measurement efficiency [28,29]. Another major challenge in determining emissions, especially in installations in tropical climate areas, which are predominantly open, is related to the difficulty in correctly measuring the ventilation rate, due to the complexity of the wind flow [8,22,27,30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities: A Review for Tropical Climate Areas

et al. 2021

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Brazil is the largest broiler meat exporter in the world. This important economic activity generates income in different branches of the production chain. However, the decomposition of residues incorporated in the poultry litter generates several gases, among them ammonia. When emitted from the litter to the air, ammonia can cause several damages to animals and man, in addition to being able to convert into a greenhouse gas. Thus, the aim of this article was to carry out a review of the ammonia emission factors in the production of broilers, the methodologies for measuring, and the inventories of emissions already carried out in several countries. The main chemical processes for generating ammonia in poultry litter have been introduced and some practices that can contribute to the reduction of ammonia emissions have been provided. The PMU, Portable Monitoring Unit, and the SMDAE, Saraz Method for Determination of Ammonia Emissions, with the required adaptations, are methodologies that can be used to quantify the ammonia emissions in hybrid facilities with a natural and artificial ventilation system. An ammonia emission inventory can contribute to the control and monitoring of pollutant emissions and is an important step towards adopting emission reductions. However, quantifying the uncertainties about ammonia emission inventories is still a challenge to be overcome.

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Section: Ammonia Emission Inventoriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities: A Review for Tropical Climate Areas

et al. 2021

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“…However, a number of different candidate approaches have been suggested [1], such as the tracer gas technique using either natural [2,3,4,5,6,7,8] or artificial tracers [9,10,11,12]. The application of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as a tracer gas for measuring ventilation and emission rates in livestock buildings involves CO 2 metabolically produced by the animals and manure, which presents good mixing with most of the target pollutant gases found in livestock houses [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NDIR Gas Sensor for Spatial Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Naturally Ventilated Livestock Buildings

Mendes

Ogink

Edouard

et al. 2015

Sensors

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The tracer gas ratio method, using CO2 as natural tracer, has been suggested as a pragmatic option to measure emissions from naturally ventilated (NV) barns without the need to directly estimate the ventilation rate. The aim of this research was to assess the performance of a low-cost Non-Dispersive Infra-Red (NDIR) sensor for intensive spatial field monitoring of CO2 concentrations in a NV dairy cow house. This was achieved by comparing NDIR sensors with two commonly applied methods, a Photo-Acoustic Spectroscope (PAS) Gas Monitor and an Open-Path laser (OP-laser). First, calibrations for the NDIR sensors were obtained in the laboratory. Then, the NDIR sensors were placed in a dairy cow barn for comparison with the PAS and OP-laser methods. The main conclusions were: (a) in order to represent the overall barn CO2 concentration of the dairy cow barn, the number of NDIR sensors to be accounted for average concentration calculation was dependent on barn length and on barn area occupation; and (b) the NDIR CO2 sensors are suitable for multi-point monitoring of CO2 concentrations in NV livestock barns, being a feasible alternative for the PAS and the OP-laser methods to monitor single-point or averaged spatial CO2 concentrations in livestock barns.

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“…The first method is CO 2 balance. For this method ( Barreto-Mendes et al, 2014 ; Liu et al, 2016 ), the leading hypothesis is that VR determines the relationship between CO 2 production in the barn and the difference in CO 2 concentrations between the inside and outside of the barn (ΔCO 2 ). CO 2 is used as an internal tracer gas.…”

Section: Measurements Using Facility-based Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of methane emitted by ruminants: a review of methods

Tedeschi

Abdalla

Álvarez

et al. 2022

Journal of Animal Science

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The contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ruminant production systems varies between countries and between regions within individual countries. The appropriate quantification of GHG emissions, specifically methane (CH4), has raised questions about the correct reporting of GHG inventories and, perhaps more importantly, how best to mitigate CH4 emissions. This review documents existing methods and methodologies to measure and estimate CH4 emissions from ruminant animals and the manure produced therein over various scales and conditions. Measurements of CH4 have frequently been conducted in research settings using classical methodologies developed for bioenergetic purposes, such as gas exchange techniques (respiration chambers, headboxes). While very precise, these techniques are limited to research settings as they are expensive, labor-intensive, and applicable only to a few animals. Head-stalls, such as the GreenFeed system, have been used to measure expired CH4 for individual animals housed alone or in groups in confinement or grazing. This technique requires frequent animal visitation over the diurnal measurement period and an adequate number of collection days. The tracer gas technique can be used to measure CH4 from individual animals housed outdoors, as there is a need to ensure low background concentrations. Micrometeorological techniques (e.g., open-path lasers) can measure CH4 emissions over larger areas and many animals, but limitations exist, including the need to measure over more extended periods. Measurement of CH4 emissions from manure depends on the type of storage, animal housing, CH4 concentration inside and outside the boundaries of the area of interest, and ventilation rate, which is likely the variable that contributes the greatest to measurement uncertainty. For large-scale areas, aircraft, drones, and satellites have been used in association with the tracer flux method, inverse modeling, imagery, and lidar, but research is lagging in validating these methods. Bottom-up approaches to estimating CH4 emissions rely on empirical or mechanistic modeling to quantify the contribution of individual sources (enteric and manure). In contrast, top-down approaches estimate the amount of CH4 in the atmosphere using spatial and temporal models to account for transportation from an emitter to an observation point. While these two estimation approaches rarely agree, they help identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in practice.

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A refined protocol for calculating air flow rate of naturallyventilated broiler barns based on co2 mass balance

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities: A Review for Tropical Climate Areas

Ammonia Emission in Poultry Facilities: A Review for Tropical Climate Areas

NDIR Gas Sensor for Spatial Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in Naturally Ventilated Livestock Buildings

Quantification of methane emitted by ruminants: a review of methods

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