“…For the out-of-sample period, February, 198 I through December, 1982, nine trades showed a loss of $313 per trade before commission (Pluhar, Shafer, and Sporleder, 1985). From January, 1983 through December, 1989 the technique resulted in 41 trades with a $68 loss per trade before commission (Elam and Wayoopagtr, 1992). With each of the two post-Helmuth studies, the Helmuth trading technique could have been duplicated by adding one or two ex post established trading rules (filters).…”