“…This conceptual framework results in four culture-related dimensions: (a) horizontal individualism, in which people have an independent construal of self and view others as of relatively equal status; (b) vertical individualism, in which individuals see themselves as independent and different from others, and inequity is expected; (c) horizontal collectivism, in which individuals see themselves as interdependent members of a cultural group in which everyone is presumed to be equal; and (d) vertical collectivism in which individuals are interdependent but unequal, and accept that some group members have higher status than others. These four dimensions were found and validated in a number of countries and regions such as the U.S., Korea, Hong Kong, Mainland China, Singapore, Taiwan, Argentina, Brazil, Denmark, Germany, India, United Kingdom, Lebanon, New Zealand, Peru, Saudi Arabia (Chiou, 2001;Fischer et al, 2009;Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk, & Gelfand, 1995;Sivadas, Bruvold, & Nelson, 2008;Soh & Leong, 2002;Triandis, Chen, & Chan, 1998;Triandis & Gelfand, 1998;Wang, Shi, & Huang, 2003).…”