A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum to the last glacial inception

Schneider, Robert; Schmitt, Jochen; Köhler, Peter; Joos, Fortunat; Fischer, Hubertus

doi:10.5194/cp-9-2507-2013

Cited by 120 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…This probabilistic analysis accounts for (i) chronological and measurement uncertainties for CO 2 (Monnin et al, 2001(Monnin et al, , 2004Schmitt et al, 2012;Schneider et al, 2013;Landais et al, 2013;Ahn and Brook, 2014) and/or CH 4 time series (Loulergue et al, 2008), and (ii) uncertainties associated with conversion of CO 2 and/or CH 4 to DF CO2 , DF CH4 , and DF GHG . Input data for the Monte Carlo routines are the ice-core 'gas ages' with uncertainties of the AICC2012 chronology Bazin et al, 2013) and CO 2 and/or CH 4 data with analytical uncertainties (Monnin et al, 2001(Monnin et al, , 2004Loulergue et al, 2008;Schmitt et al, 2012;Schneider et al, 2013;Landais et al, 2013;Ahn and Brook, 2014). Each data point was separately and randomly sampled n times within its uncertainties and converted to DF values, using the equations of K€ ohler et al…”

Section: Implications For Concepts Of Glacial Inceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this analysis, we performed Monte-Carlo-style probabilistic assessments (n ¼ 10,000 simulations) based on the uncertainties associated with the various records. For CO 2 , CH 4 , and Antarctic temperature records (Monnin et al, 2001(Monnin et al, , 2004Loulergue et al, 2008;Lourantou et al, 2010;Stenni et al, 2010;Schmitt et al, 2012;Schneider et al, 2013;Landais et al, 2013;Parrenin et al, 2013;Ahn and Brook, 2014), we account for uncertainties associated with chronology (AICC 2012, Veres et al, 2013;Bazin et al, 2013) and proxy measurement in each record to determine the 68% (16 th e84th percentile) and 95% (2.5 th e97.5th percentile) probability intervals, the median (50 th percentile), and the probability maximum (modal value) with its 95% probability interval (e.g., Grant et al, 2012;Rohling et al, 2014;Marino et al, 2015). We probabilistically calculate greenhouse gas (GHG) components of Earth's radiative balance (DF CO2 , DF CH4 , and DF GHG ) from ice-core time series of CO 2 and/or CH 4 , referencing radiative forcing estimates to the values at AD1000 (cf.…”

Section: Implications For Concepts Of Glacial Inceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences between the last two glacial maxima and implications for ice-sheet, δ18O, and sea-level reconstructions

Rohling

Hibbert

Williams

et al. 2017

Quaternary Science Reviews

115

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Arctic ice shelf Last Interglacial Glacioisostatic adjustment a b s t r a c t Studies of past glacial cycles yield critical information about climate and sea-level (ice-volume) variability, including the sensitivity of climate to radiative change, and impacts of crustal rebound on sealevel reconstructions for past interglacials. Here we identify significant differences between the last and penultimate glacial maxima (LGM and PGM) in terms of global volume and distribution of land ice, despite similar temperatures and radiative forcing. Our analysis challenges conventional views of relationships between global ice volume, sea level, seawater oxygen isotope values, and deep-sea temperature, and supports the potential presence of large floating Arctic ice shelves during the PGM. The existence of different glacial 'modes' calls for focussed research on the complex processes behind ice-age development. We present a glacioisostatic assessment to demonstrate how a different PGM ice-sheet configuration might affect sea-level estimates for the last interglacial. Results suggest that this may alter existing last interglacial sea-level estimates, which often use an LGM-like ice configuration, by several metres (likely upward).

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Section: Implications For Concepts Of Glacial Inceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications For Concepts Of Glacial Inceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences between the last two glacial maxima and implications for ice-sheet, δ18O, and sea-level reconstructions

Rohling

Hibbert

Williams

et al. 2017

Quaternary Science Reviews

115

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show abstract

“…) tained 1723 data points before the year 1750 CE, the beginning of the industrialization, but it was here resampled to the 2 kyr time step of the ice-sheet simulation results by averaging available data points and reducing the sample size to n = 394. The stack contains data from the ice cores at Law Dome (Rubino et al, 2013;MacFarling-Meure et al, 2006; 0-2 kyr BP), EPICA Dome C (Monnin et al, 2001(Monnin et al, , 2004Schneider et al, 2013;Siegenthaler et al, 2005;Bereiter et al, 2015;2-11 c. CO 2 data from the Foster lab (Foster, 2008;Martínez-Botí et al, 2015) are available for the last 3.3 Myr (n = 105), obtained via δ 11 B from ODP site 999 in the Caribbean Sea. CO 2 purely based on G. ruber δ 11 B was reconstructed for the last glacial cycle (Foster, 2008) and for about 0.8 Myr during the Plio-Pleistocene transition (Martínez-Botí et al, 2015).…”

Section: Radiative Forcing Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the state dependency of the equilibrium climate sensitivity during the last 5 million years

et al. 2015

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Abstract.It is still an open question how equilibrium warming in response to increasing radiative forcing -the specific equilibrium climate sensitivity S -depends on background climate. We here present palaeodata-based evidence on the state dependency of S, by using CO 2 proxy data together with a 3-D ice-sheet-model-based reconstruction of land ice albedo over the last 5 million years (Myr). We find that the land ice albedo forcing depends non-linearly on the background climate, while any non-linearity of CO 2 radiative forcing depends on the CO 2 data set used. This nonlinearity has not, so far, been accounted for in similar approaches due to previously more simplistic approximations, in which land ice albedo radiative forcing was a linear function of sea level change. The latitudinal dependency of icesheet area changes is important for the non-linearity between land ice albedo and sea level. In our set-up, in which the radiative forcing of CO 2 and of the land ice albedo (LI) is combined, we find a state dependence in the calculated specific equilibrium climate sensitivity, S [CO 2 ,LI] , for most of the Pleistocene (last 2.1 Myr). During Pleistocene intermediate glaciated climates and interglacial periods, S [CO 2 ,LI] is on average ∼ 45 % larger than during Pleistocene full glacial conditions. In the Pliocene part of our analysis (2.6-5 Myr BP) the CO 2 data uncertainties prevent a well-supported calculation for S [CO 2 ,LI] , but our analysis suggests that during times without a large land ice area in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. before 2.82 Myr BP), the specific equilibrium climate sensitivity, S [CO 2 ,LI] , was smaller than during interglacials of the Pleistocene. We thus find support for a previously proposed state change in the climate system with the widespread appearance of northern hemispheric ice sheets. This study points for the first time to a so far overlooked non-linearity in the land ice albedo radiative forcing, which is important for similar palaeodata-based approaches to calculate climate sensitivity. However, the implications of this study for a suggested warming under CO 2 doubling are not yet entirely clear since the details of necessary corrections for other slow feedbacks are not fully known and the uncertainties that exist in the ice-sheet simulations and global temperature reconstructions are large.

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“…We use the recent compilation by Bereiter et al (2015), which consists of data from Law Dome (Rubino et al, 2013;MacFarling Meure et al, 2006) and the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C (EDC; Monnin et al, 2001Monnin et al, , 2004 for the Holocene, data from EDC (Schneider et al, 2013) for the Eemian, and data from Vostok (Petit et al, 1999) and EDC (Siegenthaler et al, 2005) for MIS 11. The data are on the AICC2012 timescale (Bazin et al, 2013), with the exception of the data from Law Dome.…”

Section: Ice Core Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelled interglacial carbon cycle dynamics during the Holocene, the Eemian and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11

Kleinen

Brovkin

Munhoven³

2016

Clim. Past

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Abstract. Trends in the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 during three recent interglacials -the Holocene, the Eemian and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11 -are investigated using an earth system model of intermediate complexity, which we extended with process-based modules to consider two slow carbon cycle processes -peat accumulation and shallowwater CaCO 3 sedimentation (coral reef formation). For all three interglacials, model simulations considering peat accumulation and shallow-water CaCO 3 sedimentation substantially improve the agreement between model results and ice core CO 2 reconstructions in comparison to a carbon cycle set-up neglecting these processes. This enables us to model the trends in atmospheric CO 2 , with modelled trends similar to the ice core data, forcing the model only with orbital and sea level changes. During the Holocene, anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are required to match the observed rise in atmospheric CO 2 after 3 ka BP but are not relevant before this time. Our model experiments show a considerable improvement in the modelled CO 2 trends by the inclusion of the slow carbon cycle processes, allowing us to explain the CO 2 evolution during the Holocene and two recent interglacials consistently using an identical model set-up.

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A reconstruction of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its stable carbon isotopic composition from the penultimate glacial maximum to the last glacial inception

Abstract: Abstract. The reconstruction of the stable carbon isotope evolution in atmospheric CO 2 (δ 13

Cited by 120 publications

References 97 publications

Differences between the last two glacial maxima and implications for ice-sheet, δ18O, and sea-level reconstructions

Differences between the last two glacial maxima and implications for ice-sheet, δ18O, and sea-level reconstructions

On the state dependency of the equilibrium climate sensitivity during the last 5 million years

Modelled interglacial carbon cycle dynamics during the Holocene, the Eemian and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11

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