A Realization of a London-Clarke-Mendoza Type Refrigerator

Das, Punyatoya; Ouboter, R. Bruyn de; Taconis, K.W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-6443-4_133

“…LONDON [45] presented a practical design for the dilution refrigerator in 1962 after the phase separation phenomenon was discovered experimentally by WALTERS and FAIRBANK in 1956 [46]. The first dilution refrigerator was constructed by DAS and coworkers [47] at the University of Leiden in 1965. In 1966 HALL and associates [48] and NEGANOV and others [49] in Russia constructed dilution refrigerators that achieved temperatures between 0.025 and 0.060 K. Commercial dilution refrigerators can continuously reach 0.005 K.…”

Section: Dilution Refrigeratormentioning

confidence: 96%

Cryogenic Technology

Barron

¹

2000

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Uses 3. Liquefaction Systems 3.1. Joule ‐ Thomson Effect 3.2. Basic Linde ‐ Hampson System 3.3. Precooled Linde ‐ Hampson System 3.4. Linde Dual‐Pressure System 3.5. Claude Liquefier 3.6. Liquefaction Systems for Natural Gas 3.7. Collins Helium‐Liquefaction System 3.8. Miniature Liquefaction Systems 3.9. Comparison of Liquefaction Systems 4. Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems 4.1. Thermodynamically Ideal Refrigerator 4.2. Joule ‐ Thomson Refrigerators 4.3. CVI Cold‐Gas Refrigerator 4.4. Stirling Refrigerator 4.5. Vuilleumier Refrigerator 4.6. Solvay Refrigerator 4.7. Gifford ‐ McMahon Refrigerator 4.8. Magnetic Refrigerators 4.9. Dilution Refrigerator 5. Components of Liquefiers and Cryocoolers 5.1. Cryogenic Heat Exchangers 5.1.1. Types of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers 5.1.2. Heat Exchangers for Dilution Refrigerators 5.1.3. Heat Exchanger Design Problems 5.1.4. Regenerators 5.2. Compressors 5.3. Expanders 6. Low‐Temperature Separation Systems 6.1. Minimum Work of Separation 6.2. Properties of Mixtures 6.3. Flash Calculation 6.4. Principles of Cryogenic Rectification 6.5. Linde Single‐Column System 6.6. Linde Double‐Column System 6.7. Heylandt System 6.8. Argon Separation 6.9. Neon Separation 6.10. Physical Adsorption

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“…Clarke, and E. Mendoza published a detailed concept for realizing such a cooling system [31]. The first DR prototype was successfully operated in 1965 by P. Das, R. B. de Ouboter, and K. W. Taconis [32]. Steady improvements followed, leading to a lowest stable temperature of 2 mK obtained by G. Frossati and co-workers in 1978 at the University of Leiden [33].…”

Section: Dilution Refrigeratorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

CUORE Opens the Door to Tonne-scale Cryogenics Experiments

Adams,

Alduino,

Alessandria

et al. 2021

Preprint

0

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The past few decades have seen major developments in the design and operation of cryogenic particle detectors. This technology offers an extremely good energy resolution -comparable to semiconductor detectors -and a wide choice of target materials, making low temperature calorimetric detectors ideal for a variety of particle physics applications. Rare event searches have continued to require ever greater exposures, which has driven them to ever larger cryogenic detectors, with the CUORE experiment being the first to reach a tonne-scale, mK-cooled, experimental mass. CUORE, designed to search for neutrinoless double beta decay, has been operational since 2017 at a temperature of about 10 mK. This result has been attained by the use of an unprecedentedly large cryogenic infrastructure called the CUORE cryostat: conceived, designed and commissioned for this purpose.In this article the main characteristics and features of the cryogenic facility developed for the CUORE experiment are highlighted. A brief introduction of the evolution of the field and of the past cryogenic facilities are given. The motivation behind the design and development of the CUORE cryogenic facility is detailed as are the steps taken toward realization, commissioning, and operation of the CUORE cryostat. The major challenges overcome by the collaboration and the solutions implemented throughout the building of the cryogenic facility will be discussed along with the potential improvements for future facilities.The success of CUORE has opened the door to a new generation of large-scale cryogenic facilities in numerous fields of science. Broader implications of the incredible feat achieved by the CUORE collaboration on the future cryogenic facilities in various fields ranging from neutrino and dark matter experiments to quantum computing will be examined.

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“…al. [21 ] with a machine that reached a base temperature of 220 mK, significant because of it being lower than the lowest temperature achievable with the coldest continuous cooling technique of the day (the pumped 3 He cryostat which operates down to ≈ 300 mK). Today dilution refrigerators are well refined, and many labs have access to easy to use cryogen-free (dry) dilution refrigerators [22 ] or high performance dilution refrigerators with a liquid helium bath [6 ].…”

Section: Dilution Refrigerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this we calculate the difference in free energy ∆F before and after an individual electron tunnelling event. Then, the tunnelling rate for this particular event can be calculated using Fermi's golden rule: 21) where i and j refer to the states of the system before and after the transition, respectively, hence E i and E j are the initial and final energies of the tunnelling electron and M ij the matrix element for the two states, giving the transmission probability. The total rate is then calculated by summing the rates for all possible initial and final state combinations, with each rate being weighted by the probability of the initial state being occupied and the final state being unoccupied.…”

Section: Orthodox Theory Of Single Electron Tunnellingmentioning

confidence: 99%