A rationale for the shift in colour towards blue in transgenic carnation flowers expressing the flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase gene

Fukui, Yûkô; Tanaka, Yoshikazu; Kusumi, Takenori; Iwashita, Takashi; Nomoto, Kyosuke

doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00684-2

Cited by 159 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Developments in genetic engineering have allowed the production of flowers with novel traits, such as blue carnations (Fukui et al 2003) and blue roses (Katsumoto et al 2007), which could not be generated by traditional breeding (Shibata 2008). Currently, these transgenic flowers are produced for commercial purposes in Japan.…”

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confidence: 99%

Utilization of a floral organ-expressing AP1 promoter for generation of new floral traits in Torenia fournieri Lind

Sasaki

Yamaguchi

Narumi

et al. 2011

Plant Biotechnology

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To establish an efficient way to create novel floral traits in horticultural flowers, we have introduced many chimeric repressors of Arabidopsis transcription factors into torenia. Among them, we found a transgenic torenia exhibiting unopened flower buds and glossy dark green leaves with curled margins as a consequence of overexpression of Arabidopsis MYB24 with a transcriptional repression domain (MYB24-SRDX). Petals inside the flower buds exhibited a distinct coloration pattern. To bring out this favorable petal trait without inducing the unfavorable phenotypes due to the constitutive expression of chimeric repressors by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (35S) promoter, we tested the ability of a floral organspecific Arabidopsis APETALA1 (AP1) promoter, which was found to be active in both petals and flower buds of torenia. As expected, AP1 pro:MYB24-SRDX transgenic torenias resulted in the opening of flowers and a normal leaf phenotype. Furthermore, these AP1 pro:MYB24-SRDX torenias exhibited wavy petals with a characteristic configuration. This is a good example of the utilization of a floral organ-specific promoter for creating distinct flower phenotypes without causing unfavorable morphological and physiological changes in other organs.

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confidence: 99%

Utilization of a floral organ-expressing AP1 promoter for generation of new floral traits in Torenia fournieri Lind

Sasaki

Yamaguchi

Narumi

et al. 2011

Plant Biotechnology

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“…Briefly, B16 cells (7ϫ10 5 ) were lysed in 0.1 M HCl to inhibit the phosphodiesterase activity. The supernatants were then collected, neutralized, and diluted.…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4][5] To date, no studies have been conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of Oxalis triangularis on melanogenesis. In this study, the fatty acid alkyl esters methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, ethyl linoleate and ethyl linolenate from Oxalis triangularis were shown to play an active role in inhibition of the cellular production on melanin.…”

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Melanogenesis Inhibitory Effect of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters Isolated from Oxalis triangularis

Huh

Kim

Jung

et al. 2010

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Oxalis triangularis (purple shamrock or purple clover) in the family Oxalidaceae is an edible perennial plant that is easily cultivated. The leaves of Oxalis triangularis are especially appreciated due to their sour and exotic taste. Oxalis triangularis has intensely purple leaves with a monomeric anthocyanin content of 195 mg/100 g on a malvidin 3,5-diglucoside basis, which makes them a potential source of natural colorants.1) Additionally, it is known that treatment with the flavones, C-glycosides, as copigments effects the color and stability of anthocyanins. [2][3][4][5] To date, no studies have been conducted to investigate the inhibitory effect of Oxalis triangularis on melanogenesis. In this study, the fatty acid alkyl esters methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, ethyl linoleate and ethyl linolenate from Oxalis triangularis were shown to play an active role in inhibition of the cellular production on melanin. MATERIALS AND METHODS General Methods1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectral data were determined using a Varian Unity Inova 500NB NMR instrument (500 MHz) using CDCl 3 as the solvent and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. The chemical shifts were reported in d (ppm) units relative to the TMS signal and coupling constants (J) in Hz. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-selected ion monitoring (SIM) were conducted using a 5972 Plus mass spectrometer (electron impact ionization, 70 electron volt, HewlettPackard, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) connected to a 5890 gas chromatograph fitted with a fused silica capillary column (HP-5, 0.25ϫ30 m, 0.25 mm film thickness, HewlettPackard). The GC-conditions were as follows: on-column injection mode, He 1 ml/min; oven temperature 60°C for 2 min; and thermal gradient, 10°C/min to 260°C. Medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) was conducted using a Combiflash Companion instrument with an UV/Vis detector (Teledyne ISCO, Inc., U.S.A.). Preparative HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) was conducted Extraction and Isolation Whole bodies of Oxalis triangularis (1.6 kg dry weight) were homogenized and extracted with 80% ethanol (30 lϫ3). The extracts were then concentrated in vacuo, after which they were re-extracted with chloroform (2 lϫ3). After reducing to dryness in vacuo, the chloroform fraction (138 g) was solvent-partitioned between nhexane and 80% methanol (2 lϫ3). The concentrated nhexane soluble fraction (57.58 g) was then purified by silica gel column chromatography (100 g, Merck) and eluted stepwise with chloroform containing 0, 1, 2, 10 and 100% methanol (1 l each). The fractions eluted in 0% and 1% methanol in chloroform were combined and concentrated in vacuo (17.32 g), after which they were subjected to MPLC (RediSep, silica 40 g, 30ϫ140 mm; detection, UV at 254 nm; flow rate, 40 ml/min). The elution was performed stepwise in chloroform-methanol (0%, 2%, 10%, 100% methanol) for 10 min each to give 40 subfractions. Fraction 4 was subjected to reversed phase preparative HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18(2), 21.2ϫ250 mm, 5 mm) and eluted with 40% a...

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“…17) Flavone C-glucoside (e.g., isovitexin) has a strong co-pigment effect, as in Japanese iris 18) and a transgenic carnation. 19) Recent work on rice has revealed that 2-hydroxyflavanone is glucosylated by the catalysis a UDP-glucose dependent C-glucosyltransferase, and then dehydrated to flavone C-glucoside. 20) It is yet to be determined whether this pathway is the same in plant species that accumulate a flavone C-glucoside.…”

Section: Recent Progress In the Biosynthesis Of Flavonoids Relevant Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flower Color Modification by Engineering of the Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway: Practical Perspectives

Tanaka¹,

Brugliera²,

Kalc³

et al. 2010

Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry

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The status quo of flavonoid biosynthesis as it relates to flower color is reviewed together with a success in modifying flower color by genetic engineering. Flavonoids and their colored class compounds, anthocyanins, are major contributors to flower color. Many plant species synthesize limited kinds of flavonoids, and thus exhibit a limited range of flower color. Since genes regulating flavonoid biosynthesis are available, it is possible to alter flower color by overexpressing heterologous genes and/or down regulating endogenous genes. Transgenic carnations and a transgenic rose that accumulate delphinidin as a result of expressing a flavonoid 3 0 ,5 0 -hydroxylase gene and have novel blue hued flowers have been commercialized. Transgenic Nierembergia accumulating pelargonidin, with novel pink flowers, has also been developed. Although it is possible to generate white, yellow, and pink-flowered torenia plants from blue cultivars by genetic engineering, field trial observations indicate difficulty in obtaining stable phenotypes.

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A rationale for the shift in colour towards blue in transgenic carnation flowers expressing the flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase gene

Cited by 159 publications

References 12 publications

Utilization of a floral organ-expressing AP1 promoter for generation of new floral traits in Torenia fournieri Lind

Utilization of a floral organ-expressing AP1 promoter for generation of new floral traits in Torenia fournieri Lind

Melanogenesis Inhibitory Effect of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters Isolated from Oxalis triangularis

Flower Color Modification by Engineering of the Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway: Practical Perspectives

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