A rapid method for determining recent sunscreen use in field studies

Whiteman, David C.; Brown, Robyn M; Xu, Chunxia; Paterson, Christine L; Miller, David T.; Parsons, Peter G.

doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(02)00409-8

Cited by 16 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The findings of this trial confirm reports by Whiteman et al (23) that this objective method could detect sunscreens and has an extremely high specificity and sensitivity for detecting a range of sunscreens. All the swabs on the skin treated with sunscreen showed much greater levels of absorption than the control swabs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…A swab placed directly into ethanol was used as a reference standard (control swab) for all other swabs, thereby limiting potential lightabsorbing properties of the swab itself. In previous research, absorbance readings at 320 nm have been found to be the most reliable indicators (23). We were able to ascertain the presence of sunscreen by comparing absorbance readings at 320 nm with a baseline swab wiped on the skin before sunscreen was applied.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sunscreen swabbing has been proposed as a quick and reliable method for determining whether sunscreen has been applied to the skin (23). This procedure is based on the fact that organic compounds make up the majority of sunscreens and absorb radiation in the UV spectrum (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This procedure is based on the fact that organic compounds make up the majority of sunscreens and absorb radiation in the UV spectrum (23). Sunscreen swabbing has proven successful within a laboratory setting (21 office workers) and on a small sample of 12 children 2 to 4 years of age (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Noninvasive Objective Measure of Sunscreen Use and Reapplication

Lunde

Urschitz

Glanz

2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Objectives: To study whether a noninvasive swabbing technique can detect sunscreen use for up to 6 hours, and whether the technique can detect reapplication of sunscreen. Methods: Thirty volunteer office workers were randomly assigned to have one of a variety of sunscreens applied using recommended application techniques, and half were randomly assigned to have sunscreen reapplied after 3 hours. Alcohol-based swabs were used to obtain a sample from participants' arm at 20 minutes, and hourly from 1 to 6 hours post-application. Absorption readings were analyzed using an UV-visible spectrophotometer. Results: The swabbing technique was consistently able to distinguish the sunscreen from control swabs for up to 6 hours. The absorption readings between 20 minutes and 6 hours were significantly higher than control swabs. There were no differences between the group that had sunscreen reapplied and the group that did not. Conclusion: The sunscreen swabbing technique is an effective noninvasive method for detecting a variety of sunscreen products in adults over a 6-hour period. No differences in absorption readings were found with sunscreen reapplication. This procedure will be a useful adjunct to other objective measures of sun protection and UV radiation exposure, resulting in a more accurate picture of the sun protection habits of individuals. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(3):722 -6)

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Noninvasive Objective Measure of Sunscreen Use and Reapplication

Lunde

Urschitz

Glanz

2005

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Still, there is a lack of consensus as to whether melanomas grow from existing benign nevi or whether nevi and melanomas may share one or more genetic factors. Individuals with many nevi are more likely to develop melanomas of the trunk whereas those with lower nevus counts require more sun exposure and typically develop cancer in sun-exposed areas of the body (Whiteman et al, 2003), suggesting that host factors that drive nevus formation may also play a role in carcinogenesis. The role of the BRAF oncogene has been prominently emphasized in recent years, and may represent a critical genetic link between nevi and melanoma.…”

Section: Large Number Of Molesmentioning

confidence: 99%