A rapid and sensitive UHPLC-FT-ICR MS/MS method for identification of chemical constituents in Rhodiola crenulata extract, rat plasma and rat brain after oral administration

Rhodiola species: A comprehensive review of traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and clinical study

“…Compounds 1‐30 contain at least one carbon‐carbon double‐bond in their structure. Among them, Compounds 17‐28 and 30 have two carbon‐carbon double‐bond structures. Compounds 1 and 6‐9 possess a carbonyl group in their structures.…”

“…In addition, the glycosyl substitution of Compounds 24 and 25 is arabinofuranose. Notably, 15 acyclic alcohol derivatives are found in R. crenulata , including Compounds 2 , 5 , 9 , 12 , 14‐15 , 18‐19 , 21 , 22 , 28 , 30‐32 , and 34 ; from R. rosea , 17 acyclic alcohol derivatives are identified, including Compound 2‐3 , 4 , 6‐9 , 13 , 14‐15 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , and 30 ; 14 acyclic alcohol derivatives, 10 , 11 , 13 , 15‐16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 24‐26 , 33 , and 35 , are isolated from R. sachalinensis ; from R. kirilowii , only five acyclic alcohol derivatives, Compounds 1 , 17 , 27 , 31 , and 34 , are found; five acyclic alcohol derivatives, Compounds 15 , 18 , 28 , 29 , and 34 , are isolated from R. sacra ; only Compound 31 and 34 are found in R. quadrifida ; none of these compounds have been reported in R. dumulosa yet. As acyclic alcohol derivatives are universal natural products, it is difficult to identify chemical specificity across various Rhodiola species simply based on this type of compounds.…”

“…2‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐1‐ethanol (Compound 60 ) is a tyrosol methyl substituent isolated from R. kirilowii . Other tyrosol glycosides are 4‐hydroxyphenyl‐2‐ethyl β‐ d ‐glucopyranoside (Compound 61 ) isolated from R. rosea , 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethyl 6‐ O ‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranoside (Compound 63 ) isolated from R. crenulata , icariside D2 (Compound 64 ) isolated from R. crenulata , R. rosea , and R. sacra , viridoside (Compound 65 ) isolated from R. crenulata , R. rosea , and R. sachalinensis , mongrhoside (Compound 66 ) isolated from R. rosea , and 4‐methylsalidroside‐6‐ O ‐β‐ d ‐arabinopyranoside (Compound 67 ) isolated from R. quadrifida , respectively. 2‐(4‐Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl 4‐methoxybenzoate (Compound 68 ) is an ester contains a tyrosol group in the structure, which is isolated from R. sachalinensis .…”

“…Gallic acid (Compound 77 ) is frequently identified across Rhodiola species, such as R. crenulata , R. rosea , R. sachalinensis , R. sacra , R. kirilowii , R. quadrifida , and R. quadrifida . Nine gallic acid derivatives isolated from R. crenulata are as follows: 3‐ O ‐methylgallic acid (Compound 78 ), methyl gallate (Compound 79 ), gallic acid ethyl ester (Compound 80 ), 4‐ O ‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranosyloxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzoic acid (Compound 82 ), 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐ O ‐galloylglucose (Compound 85 ), 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester‐3,4,5‐trihydroxy‐benzoic acid (Compound 88 ), 6‐ O ‐galloylsalidroside (Compound 89 ), crenulatin (Compound 90 ), and sachalinoside A (Compound 91 ) . From R. rosea , five gallic acid derivatives are isolated, namely Compound 79 , 1,2,6‐tri‐ O ‐galloyl‐β‐ d ‐glucoside (Compound 83 ), 1,2,3,6‐tetra‐ O ‐galloyl‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranose (Compound 84 ), 1,2,3,6‐tetra‐ O ‐galloyl‐4‐ O ‐p‐hydroxybenzoyl‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranoside (Compound 86 ), and Compound 89 .…”

“…Cinnamyl alcohol (Compound 93 ) and trans ‐cinnamic alcohol (Compound 94 ), along with three glycosides, rosavin (Compound 95 ), rosin (Compound 96 ), and rosarin (Compound 97 ) are found in both R. rosea and R. sachalinensis . Rosavin and rosarin have also been isolated from R. crenulata and R. quadrifida , while rosin is found in R. crenulata . Two other cinnamyl alcohol glycosides, 3‐phenyl‐2‐propenyl 6‐ O ‐β‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranoside (Compound 98 ) and (2 E )‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propen‐1‐yl 6‐ O ‐β‐ d ‐xylopyranosyl‐β‐ d ‐glucopyranoside (Compound 99 ), are found in R. rosea .…”