A Raman Spectroscopic and Microimage Analysis Perspective of the Chang'e‐5 Lunar Samples

Cao, Haijun; Wang, Chen; Fu, Xiaohui; Che, Xiaochao; Qiao, Le; Shi, Yuruo; Liu, Dunyi; Ling, Zongcheng; Qiao, Lingling; Lu, X.; Qi, Xiaobin; Yin, Chengxiang; Liu, Ping; Liu, Changqing; Xin, Yu‐Hua; Liu, Jianzhong

doi:10.1029/2022gl099282

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Our observations showed that there were very few spherical iron-sulfide grains in the Chang’E-5 lunar fines, and only two magnetite-bearing spherical iron-sulfide grains were found in the studied samples. We suggest that the two main reasons for the weaker magnetic field strength in the Chang’E-5 region are as follows: (1) Lunar magnetic field anomalies are spatially correlated with large-impact ejecta, but only a few distant ejecta from large-impact craters are mixed in the Chang’E-5 sampling region 23 . (2) Chang’E-5 lunar soil has a young age of formation, and the possibility of the presence of an effective external magnetic field (generated by ancient core dynamics or basin-forming impacts) is relatively low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron particles formed by eutectic reaction in Chang’E-5 lunar soil

Guo

et al. 2022

Nat Commun

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Ferric iron as well as magnetite are rarely found in lunar samples, and their distribution and formation mechanisms on the Moon have not been well studied. Here, we discover sub-microscopic magnetite particles in Chang’E-5 lunar soil. Magnetite and pure metallic iron particles are embedded in oxygen-dissolved iron-sulfide grains from the Chang’E-5 samples. This mineral assemblage indicates a FeO eutectoid reaction (4FeO = Fe3O4 + Fe) for formation of magnetite. The iron-sulfide grains’ morphology features and the oxygen’s distribution suggest that a gas–melt phase reaction occurred during large-impact events. This could provide an effective method to form ubiquitous sub-microscopic magnetite in fine lunar soils and be a contributor to the presentation of ferric iron on the surface of the Moon. Additionally, the formation of sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron by eutectoid reaction may provide an alternative way for the formation of magnetic anomalies observed on the Moon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy results have shown that iron-sulfide is a minor component of Chang’E-5 soil samples 21 – 23 . Several angular and spherical iron-sulfide grains were selected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in our study (Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron particles formed by eutectic reaction in Chang’E-5 lunar soil

Guo

et al. 2022

Nat Commun

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“…4,15 However, the Chang'E-5 basalts have higher TiO 2 , but lower MgO contents, than Apollo low-Ti basalts (Figure 6), possibly owing to one or more factors, including different crystallization processes, diverse abundance of ilmenite-bearing cumulate in their mantle sources, different melting depths, or partial melting degrees. 15,42 These results obtained by applying the new method to a large quantity of lunar clasts furnish additional accurate information for the petrogenesis of the Chang'E-5 basalts and the lunar thermal state during Moon's middle age.…”

Section: ■ Validation Of the Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our new robust results document that the Chang’E-5 basalts are the low-Ti type. This interpretation is consistent with the presence of Cr-spinel in the basalt clasts, low TiO 2 contents (∼4.4 wt %) in their parental magmas, and the bulk chemical analysis of lunar soils. , However, the Chang’E-5 basalts have higher TiO 2 , but lower MgO contents, than Apollo low-Ti basalts (Figure ), possibly owing to one or more factors, including different crystallization processes, diverse abundance of ilmenite-bearing cumulate in their mantle sources, different melting depths, or partial melting degrees. , These results obtained by applying the new method to a large quantity of lunar clasts furnish additional accurate information for the petrogenesis of the Chang’E-5 basalts and the lunar thermal state during Moon’s middle age.…”

Section: Application To Chang’e-5 Basalt Clastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automatic Bulk Composition Analysis of Lunar Basalts: Novel Big-Data Algorithm for Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

Yuan

Huang

Chen

et al. 2023

ACS Earth Space Chem.

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The bulk composition of lunar basaltic meteorites and clasts provides crucial information for understanding their petrogenesis and thus lunar thermal evolution. Meanwhile, the basalt type of Chang’E-5 based on the bulk TiO2 contents remains debatable. Modal recombination based on mineral volume fraction, densities, and average compositions is currently the most popular method to determine the bulk composition of lunar samples. Yet, the latter two parameters can be biased markedly by ubiquitous compositional variations in pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase. To rectify these issues and provide more accurate classifications, this study devises a novel big-data algorithm that analyzes maps of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data of lunar basalts. The algorithm starts by labeling each point through a newly devised mineral classifier, then uses the mean of all points per mineral to represent average composition, and finally recalculates the true density per mineral to replace standard density. The accuracy of this mineral classifier is demonstrated by tests on a database of lunar minerals. The accuracy and precision of EDS mapping were verified by test analysis on certified reference minerals. Measurements on a lunar meteorite sample with a known composition, NWA 4734, are comparable to those measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and confirm the reliability of the bulk composition algorithm. To demonstrate its utility for comprehensive understanding of petrographic features, the high-efficiency algorithm was applied to Chang’E-5 basalts. The results reveal that these basalts are characterized by low-Ti and low-Mg features, thus distinct from previous Apollo and Luna samples.

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“…Until 2022, no Raman payload has been applied to lunar robotic exploration missions; however, Raman spectroscopy has been widely used in scientific research on meteorites (Ling & Wang, 2015; Rull et al., 2004), returned samples (H. Cao et al., 2022; Ling et al., 2011), and laboratory analogs (Shi et al., 2020) in laboratory. Surveys such as those conducted by Fabel et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Mineralogy of Planetary Silicate Ternary Mixtures Using Raman Spectroscopy

Ling

Liu

et al. 2023

Earth and Space Science

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A 532‐nm‐excited lunar Raman spectrometer (LRS) has been selected as a scientific payload of the Chang'e‐7 mission, exploring mineralogy assemblages in the lunar south polar region. However, the quantification of dark‐colored silicate minerals via Raman spectroscopy is an urgent requirement for upcoming Raman applications in future lunar and planetary explorations. Therefore, we conducted detailed laboratory studies on the Raman quantification of lunar silicate minerals using ternary mixtures of feldspar, olivine, and augite. Quantitative models were established employing the observed linear relationship between Raman integrated intensities and mineral proportions. The significant correlation coefficients (>0.94) and small RMSE (≤4.20 wt.%) confirmed the performance of these models. A series of methods (multipoint sampling, multispectral averaging, peak area extraction, and spectral parameter ratios) were jointly used to ensure that the models were not significantly affected by crystal orientation, chemical inhomogeneity, and instruments. Factors (σ2/σ1) describing the relative Raman scattering cross sections were introduced to calibrate the Raman counts. Our results indicated that the relative Raman scattering efficiency of feldspar, olivine, and augite is 1.4:2.4:1, which can be used to improve the quantitative accuracy of the point‐counting method if polymineralic mixing spectra are dominant. The models were validated across different samples using laboratory mixtures and lunar soil (CE5C0600). The lithology of the Chang'e‐5 soils is basaltic/gabbroic according to the quantitative mineralogy returned from our models that is consistent with the results from traditional methods. This research will be of particular significance for accurately determining the mineral abundances for Chang'e‐7 and other planetary missions. As such, crucial information can be inferred to understand the geological evolution of the exploration regions.

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A Raman Spectroscopic and Microimage Analysis Perspective of the Chang'e‐5 Lunar Samples

Cited by 22 publications

References 53 publications

Sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron particles formed by eutectic reaction in Chang’E-5 lunar soil

Sub-microscopic magnetite and metallic iron particles formed by eutectic reaction in Chang’E-5 lunar soil

Automatic Bulk Composition Analysis of Lunar Basalts: Novel Big-Data Algorithm for Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy

Quantitative Mineralogy of Planetary Silicate Ternary Mixtures Using Raman Spectroscopy

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