A quasi three-dimensional visualization of unsteady wake flow in human undulatory swimming

Shimojo, Hiroto; Gonjo, Tomohiro; Sakakibara, Jun; Sengoku, Yasuo; Sanders, Ross; Takagi, Hideki

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.06.013

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The TA activity is high at the end of the downward kick. Although there were no kinematic data for the ankle angle in this study, according to previous study, the ankle joint is maximally in plantarflexion at this timing (Shimojo et al, 2019b), and the propulsion is increased (Shimojo et al, 2019a). The activation of the TA is attributed to the propulsive force generated not only by the knee extension, but also by the ankle plantarflexion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

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Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers

Matsuura

Matsunaga

Iizuka

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Improving the performance of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) improves swimming time, so it is important to identify the pattern of muscle coordination in swimmers with fast UUS. This study aimed to identify muscular coordination in the trunk and lower limb during UUS in elite swimmers. Nine swimmers (aged 20 ± 2 years; height, 1.74 ± 0.03 m; weight, 73.0 ± 4.4 kg) participated in this study. Measurements were taken by electromyography of eight muscles: rectus abdominis (RA), internal abdominal muscle (IO), rectus femoris (RF), erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), tibialis anterior (TA), and thigh biceps (BF), and gastrocnemius (GS). For evaluation of muscle coordination, “muscle synergy” and “activation coefficient” were calculated using non-negative matrix factorization from electromyographic data. Kick frequency, kick amplitude, swim velocity, and kinematics of the pelvis were also calculated. Kick cycle was divided into two kick phases: downward kick (from the highest toe vertical coordinate to the lowest point) and upward kick (from the lowest point to the highest point). Kick frequency, kick amplitude, and swimming velocity were 1.9 ± 0.3 Hz, 0.45 ± 0.6 m, and 1.8 ± 0.2 m·s −1 , respectively. The maximum backward pelvic tilt was 94.4 ± 4.5° and the minimum (forward) was 90.8 ± 5.7°. Three muscle synergy values were extracted from each swimmer during UUS: those involved in the transition from upward kick to downward kick (Synergy 1), downward kick (Synergy 2), and upward kick (Synergy 3). Synergy 1 involved mainly the RF, IO, and RA, which were activated during the turn from the upward to the downward phase. Synergy 2 involved mainly the MF, ES, and TA in the downward kick. Synergy 3 corresponded to the coordination of the BF and GS, which were active in the upward kick. In UUS by elite swimmers, both the upward kick and downward kick followed the trunk muscles involved in the pelvic forward–backward tilt movement, and lower limb muscles were activated. Muscle coordination based on pelvic forward-backward tilt during UUS is expected to contribute to the coaching field for elite swimmer development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…These studies all performed kinematics analyses. Recently, Shimojo et al reported the visualization of three-dimensional flow in the wake region during human UUS in a water flume (Shimojo et al, 2019a). The USS is currently popular research topic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers

Matsuura

Matsunaga

Iizuka

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…Therefore, V race extracted from the 50 m trial might not necessarily mean that it is the actual maximum swimming velocity. Secondly, it should be acknowledged that swimming propulsion is largely affected by the unsteady flow around the limbs [36,37]. In semi-tethered swimming, the backward velocity of the limbs relative to the water is faster than that in a non-tethered swimming condition because of the difference in the forward velocity of the body, which might affect the technique of producing propulsive forces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between a Load-velocity Profile and Sprint Performance in Butterfly Swimming

et al. 2020

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The purpose of this study was to establish the relationships between 50 m sprint swimming performance and variables acquired from a swimming load-velocity profile established by semi-tethered butterfly swimming. Twelve male elite swimmers participated in the present study and performed 50 m sprint and semi-tethered butterfly swimming with different loads. The mean velocity among all upper-limb cycles was obtained from the 50 m swimming (race velocity), and maximum load and velocity were predicted from the load-velocity profile established by the semi-tethered swimming test. There was a very large correlation (r=0.885, p<0.01) and a high intra-class correlation (0.844, p<0.001) between the race velocity and the predicted maximum velocity. Significant correlations were also observed between the predicted maximum load and the 50 m time as well as the race velocity (r=− 0.624 and 0.556, respectively, both p<0.05), which imply that an ability to achieve a large tethered swimming force is associated with 50 m butterfly performance. These results indicate that the load-velocity profile is a useful tool for predicting and assessing sprint butterfly swimming performance.

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“…A higher body stability (e.g. through a higher gliding velocity) would guarantee starting the downward movement of the dolphin kick when the lower limbs are still raised (Psycharakis & Sanders, 2010), and this would be beneficial to increase the extension and thrust of this action (Cohen et al, 2012;Shimojo et al, 2019). In any case, other factors such as the ankle flexibility (Arellano et al, 2002) or the ability to transfer the strength to the water during the simultaneous arm pull-out (Cuenca-Fernández et al, 2020;Ruiz-Navarro et al, 2020;Sadowski et al, 2020), could also counteract or favour the influence of these subcomponents to the start and turn time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance

Sánchez

Arellano

Cuenca-Fernández

2021

International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport

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The aim was to analyse the influence of the breaststroke underwater phase on 50 and 100m performance. A total of 108 performances in 50m (61 males and 47 females), and 126 performances in 100m (71 males and 55 females) were recorded during the 2019 Short-course National Spanish Championship. The underwater swimming time, distance and velocity were analyzed after the start and turns. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and regression analysis were applied to compute the relation between the variables. The relative contribution (%) to final time and the differences between events and gender were studied through independent samples t test (p < 0.05). High correlations were obtained for both events and genders between start time and final time (r = 0.76-0.91). The emersion velocity was higher in 50m than in 100m (p < 0.001; d > 1.0) and in males (50m: 2.18 ± 0.10m•s-1 ; 100m: 1.87 ± 0.08m•s-1) than in females (50m: 1.92 ± 0.09m•s-1 : 100m: 1.71 ± 0.08m•s-1). Performance in both events was influenced significantly by turn velocity (r ≥-0.85), and combined with the start, contributed to around 55% of the final time. Coaches should optimize the underwater phases of start and turns on breaststroke performance in short-course.

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A quasi three-dimensional visualization of unsteady wake flow in human undulatory swimming

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers

Muscle Synergy of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming in Elite Male Swimmers

Relationships between a Load-velocity Profile and Sprint Performance in Butterfly Swimming

Analysis and influence of the underwater phase of breaststroke on short-course 50 and 100m performance

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