A Quantitative Analysis of Energy Security Performance by Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa in 1990-2015

Abstract

The paper addresses the gap existing in the scholarship and provides an analysis of the energy security performance made by the group of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) over the total of 25 years, from 1990 to 2015. The research is based on a comprehensive approach to understanding energy security as the total of four dimensions: Availability, efficiency, affordability, and environmental stewardship. An energy security performance index operationalizes each dimension of energy security with three indicators, which allows to quantitatively measure the progress made by the group of BRICS in terms of ensuring their energy security. The research conducted surprisingly shows that the overall energy security of BRICS as a group of states has not changed over the years. However, each country has experienced considerable changes in energy security performance, with the most dramatic ones made by Russia (growth) and China (decline).

A New Formula to Quantify the National Energy Security of the World’s Top Ten Most Populous Nations

“…The EPME unit [Q es ], is a unit formed by four elements: energy, equipment, human, and ecosystems. Generate a new unit that is: absolute, unlike the relative dimensional aggregate index -because of the process of normalization as done by (Bogoviz et al, 2019;Erahman et al, 2016;Song et al, 2019;Sovacool et al, 2011) and other scholars. The [Q es ] also universal because based on international units, and new in the sense of not yet suggested in previous research, but abstract as will be explained later.…”

Establishing and comparing energy security trends in resource-rich exporting nations (Russia and the Caspian Sea region)

“…Both Tursoy and Resatoglu (2016) and Sharmina (2017) made carbon emissions reduction and energy efficiency improvement scenarios for Russia. Bruusgaard (2006) , Bogoviz et al (2017) , Ragulina et al (2018) , Bogoviz et al (2019) used some ES indicators to demonstrate historical trends on ES performance in Russia. Bruusgaard (2006) tends to pay attention to external threat and conclusively suggests an interpretation of ES from Russian perspective where the ES is best understood as “a situation in which the country, its citizens, society, state and economy are protected from threats posed to reliable fuel and energy delivery” (p. 13).…”

“…Here, the focus is not on resource availability and economic prices but on the threats and risks. Furthermore, according to Bogoviz et al (2019) , in 2016 Russian Parliament adopted National Energy Security Doctrine up to 2030 (Directive № 683 of December 31, 2015), where ES is defined as “governmental policy mechanisms and actions to assurance regular energy supply for domestic and international energy markets and protect this energy supply from external and internal threats that can potentially bring serious damages to national economy and energy sector”. Furthermore, Russia's ES 2030 doctrine seeks mechanisms to guarantee of security energy demand from importing countries.…”

“…For data collection, the study used data provided by different institutions including International Energy Agency (IEA), World Bank's World Development Indicators (WB), World Bank's Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR), Renewable Energy Policy Network (REN21), World Energy Statistics provided by energy intelligence and consulting company 2019 “Enerdata”, World Data Atlas provided by database 2019 Knoema, U.S. Department of Energy 2019 (EIA), World Resources Institute's Water Statistics (WRI). For data calculation, the study applied Z-score approach which has been used in a number of previous energy security studies with different sets of indicators at different countries, economic blocs and regions (e.g., Brown and Sovacool, 2007 ; Sovacool and Brown, 2010 ; Brown et al, 2014 ; Bogoviz et al, 2017 ; Ragulina et al, 2018 ; Bogoviz et al, 2019 ).…”

Impact of Regional Conflicts on Energy Security in Jordan

“…The International Energy Agency (IEA) definitions for energy security focus on the continuity of energy supply and affordability of the prices. However, there is no unanimous definition for the energy security term as it differs according to the policies followed by the country or organization, and on where in the society the definer sets (Bogoviz et al 2019). Barrett et al (2010) discussed Energy Security in a Multi-Polar World.…”