A prospective study of antibiotic use and associated infections in young children

Abstract

This study examines antibiotic usage and associated infections in infants and young children in Iowa. Longitudinal data were collected using a cohort recruited at birth from eight hospitals in eastern Iowa. Parents of recruited children were mailed questionnaires at 6 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 months of age. The cumulative incidence of antibiotic use and associated infections was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. There were data on 1,368 children. Antibiotic use was common in our cohort and increased with age. Beginning at age 3 months, approximately 50% of the cohort was exposed to an antibiotic during each reporting period. Otitis media was the most common indication and was responsible for 67.3% of antibiotic use. Children were most frequently treated with amoxicillin, followed by the cephalosporins and sulphonamides. By 12 and 20 months of age 79.0% and 92.5% of the children, respectively, had been treated with at least one course of antibiotics. Children received antibiotics for a median of 43 days by 20 months of age. Males were more likely to experience any antibiotic exposure than females (hazard ratio = 1.18) and showed a trend for more days of use (P = 0.052). There was a small but significant variation in antibiotic usage in the different recruitment communities (P = 0.02).

Clinical prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. intermedius in dogs

“…However, the significantly lower resistance of isolates from juveniles to enrofloxin in vitro may not justify its use in vivo , given the contraindicated use of enrofloxacin in growing animals (Norrby 1991). Additionally, the frequent use of cephalosporins in younger individuals (Bergus et al 2001) suggests that modifications in antibiotic usage patterns may have salutary effects on antimicrobial resistance patterns in adults.…”

Combined effect of amoxicillin and sodium fluoride on the structure of developing mouse enamel in vitro

“…16 In early childhood, a high proportion of children get amoxicillin for the treatment of acute otitis media or other common childhood infections. 17 The aim of the present study was to investigate experimentally if simultaneous exposure to amoxicillin and NaF has potentiative effects on developing enamel in vitro. For this purpose, E18 mouse embryonic teeth were cultured in the presence of each agent alone or together at different concentrations.…”

Effect of single-dose amoxicillin on rat incisor odontogenesis: a morphological study

“…It has been suggested that amoxicillin, the most common antibiotic used in childhood [1][2][3][4], is associated with developmental enamel defects accompanied by diffuse opacities, a condition known as molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) [5]. Hong et al [6] suggested a link between amoxicillin use during infancy and developmental enamel defect in permanent teeth and speculated that the critical time point for the effect of amoxicillin on ameloblasts was during the secretory stage.…”