A Proposed Buffer Based Load Balanced Optical Switch with AO-NACK Scheme in Modern Optical Datacenters

Bhattacharya, Pronaya; Tiwari, Abhishek; Ladha, Akhilesh; Tanwar, Sudeep

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30577-2_8

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Thus, consensus needs to be established between peer entities using BC. In literature, authors have surveyed open issues and research challenges based on security attacks in CPS applications like scalability [40], fault-tolerance [41], and network latency [42]. The proposed surveys lacked a comprehensive discussion on security issues that arise during data collection, distribution, storage, and processing of nodes in CPS ecosystems.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

et al. 2020

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Modern industry 4.0 applications are shifting towards decentralized automation of computing and cyber-physical systems (CPS), which necessitates building a robust, secure, and efficient system that performs complex interactions with other physical processes. To handle complex interactions in CPS, trust and consensus among various stakeholders is a prime concern. In a similar direction, consensus algorithms in blockchain have evolved over the years that focus on building smart, robust, and secure CPS. Thus, it is imperative to understand the key components, functional characteristics, and architecture of different consensus algorithms used in CPS. Many consensus algorithms exist in the literature with a specified set of functionalities, performance, and computing services. Motivated from these facts, in this survey, we present a comprehensive analysis of existing state-of-the-art consensus mechanisms and highlight their strength and weaknesses in decentralized CPS applications. In the first part, we present the scope of the proposed survey and identify gaps in the existing surveys. Secondly, we present the review method and objectives of the proposed survey based on research questions that address the gaps in existing studies. Then, we present a solution taxonomy of decentralized consensus mechanisms for various CPS applications. Then, open issues and challenges are also discussed in deploying various consensus mechanisms in the CPS with their merits and demerits. The proposed survey will act as a road-map for blockchain developers and researchers to evaluate and design future consensus mechanisms, which helps to build an efficient CPS for industry 4.0 stakeholders.

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

et al. 2020

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“…However, keeping updated copies of the data in every node is an issue with the decentralized systems (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2019). Moreover, efficient strategies need to be designed to balance loads among distributed nodes in distributed high computing-based architectures (Bhattacharya, Tiwari, et al, 2020).…”

Section: Decentralized Computing Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A taxonomy of energy optimization techniques for smart cities: Architecture and future directions

et al. 2021

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There is a drastic increase in urbanization over the past few years, which requires energy-efficient and optimized solutions for transportation, governance, quality of life in a smart city among all the citizens. The Internet-of-Energy (IoE) ecosystem offers many sophisticated and ubiquitous applications for smart cities. The energy demand of IoE applications is increased while IoE devices continue to grow. Therefore, smart city solutions must have the ability to utilize energy and handle the associated challenges efficiently. Moreover, energy Optimization (EO) techniques can be used to reduce energy consumption to meet the sustainability goals in IoE. Different techniques have been proposed for EO in various fields by researchers worldwide. Computing systems also need energy optimization. The energy consumption in the data center, clouds, and blockchain (BC)-based architectures are a point of concern at the current time. Due to the enormous energy demands of these systems, we cannot take advantage of the latest technologies to their fullest. Due to the emergence of new technologies and some limitations of proposed techniques, we can still not optimize energy usage more than some extent. There is minimal exploration done in energy optimization in BC-based systems. In this paper, we have proposed a survey on the energy optimization techniques in various systems, including the optimization techniques in BC-based systems. We have proposed a taxonomy that classifies energy optimization techniques. We have also proposed an energy-efficient consensus mechanism, Proof-of-High Performance optimization (named as PoHPo), for High-Performance Computing (HPC) based ecosystems. The open issues and challenges are then discussed in EO. The survey intends to propose future directions for industry professionals, green-energy stakeholders, and researchers worldwide to explore this topic further.

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“…This is specifically useful for underwater and space communications [12]. Moreover, the overall backhaul network is expected to support photonic communication, to support high bandwidth requirements [13]. Thus, with 6G, UAV communication would be near realtime, even in ultra-dense connection setups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in UAVs Beyond 5G Networks: A Solution Taxonomy and Future Directions

et al. 2022

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Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained attention due to increased use-cases in healthcare, monitoring, surveillance, and logistics operations. UAVs mainly communicate with mobile base stations, ground stations (GS), or networked peer UAVs, known as UAV swarms. UAVs communicate with GS, or UAV swarms, over wireless channels to support mission-critical operations. Communication latency, bandwidth, and precision are of prime importance in such operations. With the rise of data-driven applications, fifth-generation (5G) networks would face bottlenecks to communicate at near-real-time, at low latency and improved coverage. Thus, researchers have shifted towards network designs that incorporate beyond 5G (B5G) networks for UAV designs. However, UAVs are resource-constrained, with limited power and battery, and thus centralized cloud-centric models are not suitable. Moreover, as exchanged data is through open channels, privacy and security issues exist. Federated learning (FL) allows data to be trained on local nodes, preserving privacy and improving network communication. However, sharing of local updates is required through a trusted consensus mechanism. Thus, blockchain (BC)-based FL schemes for UAVs allow trusted exchange of FL updates among UAV swarms and GS. To date, limited research has been carried out on the integration of BC and FL in UAV management. The proposed survey addresses the gap and presents a solution taxonomy of BC-based FL in UAVs for B5G networks due to the open problem. This paper presents a reference architecture and compares its potential benefits over traditional BC-based UAV networks. Open issues and challenges are discussed, with possible future directions. Finally, a logistics case study of BC-based FL-oriented UAVs in 6G networks is presented. The survey aims to aid researchers in developing potential UAV solutions with the key integrating principles over a diverse set of application verticals.INDEX TERMS Beyond 5G networks, 6G, blockchain, federated learning, unmanned aerial vehicles. D. ORGANIZATION AND READING MAP

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A Proposed Buffer Based Load Balanced Optical Switch with AO-NACK Scheme in Modern Optical Datacenters

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

A Survey on Decentralized Consensus Mechanisms for Cyber Physical Systems

A taxonomy of energy optimization techniques for smart cities: Architecture and future directions

Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in UAVs Beyond 5G Networks: A Solution Taxonomy and Future Directions

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