“…Learning analytics have been applied to study and visualize the relationship between student activity and performance in online-based university-level courses during the last decade (Dyckhoff, Zielke, Bültmann, Chatti, & Schroeder, 2012; Ferguson, 2012; Gunn, 2014; Nieto Acevedo & Montenegro Maran, 2015; Retalis, Papasalouros, Psaromiligkos, Siscos, & Kargidis, 2006; Scanlon, McAndrew, & O'Shea, 2015). The authors of 11 relevant studies published in peer-reviewed scholarly journals all found some benefits, but they also cited many problems when trying to assess student learning through combinations of learning analytics, learning management system (LMS) activity data logs, and graded performance results (Agudo-Peregrina, Iglesias-Pradas, Conde-Gonzalez, & Hernandez-Garcia, 2014; Fidalgo-Blanco, Sein-Echaluce, Garcia-Peealvo, & Conde, 2015; Gomez-Aguilar, Hernandez-Garcia, Garcia-Pealvo, & Theren, 2015; Iglesias-Pradas, Ruiz-de-Azcarate, & Agudo-Peregrina, 2015; Nieto Acevedo & Montenegro Maran, 2015; Reyes, 2015; Ruiparez-Valiente, Mua-Merino, Leony, & Delgado Kloos, 2015; Scheffel, Drachsler, Stoyanov, & Specht, 2014; Xing, Guo, Petakovic, & Goggins, 2015; Yahya, Messoussi, & Touahni, 2015).…”