A proposal for refining the forced swim test in Swiss mice

Costa, Ana Paula; Vieira, Cintia Teixeira; Bohner, Lauren; Silva, Cristiane Felisbino; Santos, Evelyn Cristina da Silva; Lima, Thereza Christina Monteiro de; Oliveira, Cilene Lino de

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.05.002

Cited by 72 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Nevertheless, it is suggested that the highest concentration of tannery effluent intake by the animals acted similarly to antidepressants also commonly used in the treatment of depression. Different studies have shown that rodents (mice or rats) in the forced-swim test, under the effect of different antidepressants, exhibit increased mobility and/or increased climbing, supporting the hypothesis that the tannery effluent used in the instant study (at the 10% concentration) may have acted in a similar way to antidepressants (Cryan et al, 2005;Can et al, 2012;Costa et al, 2013). Other studies have observed an antidepressant effect of different contaminants in rodents (Posser et al, 2008;Acker et al, 2009;Takasaki et al, 2013), which reinforces our hypothesis.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…All test sessions were videotaped with a video camera located 30 cm above the tank to allow further evaluation of the time spend in immobility, swimming and climbing behavior, according Can et al (2012) and Costa et al (2013). These parameters were recorded and summarized in either one block of 6 min (i.e., the total time of the test), or in one block of 4 min (i.e., the last 4 min of the test) or in the remaining block of 2 min (the first 2 min of the test), as proposed by Costa et al (2013).…”

Section: Forced Swim Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These parameters were recorded and summarized in either one block of 6 min (i.e., the total time of the test), or in one block of 4 min (i.e., the last 4 min of the test) or in the remaining block of 2 min (the first 2 min of the test), as proposed by Costa et al (2013). Similar to the EPM analysis, two trained observers reviewed the video, and each video was analyzed three times, yielding an inter-and intraobserver agreement higher than 85%.…”

Section: Forced Swim Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral changes in female Swiss mice exposed to tannery effluents

Almeida¹,

Rabelo²,

Souza³

et al. 2016

Rev. ambiente água

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Among the anthropic activities generating potentially toxic residues are those involved with bovine hide processing (tannery industries). However, knowledge is scant regarding the damage caused to the health of various organisms by tannery waste and studies are rare, especially in mammalian experimental models. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the physical and behavioral effects of the exposure of female Swiss mice to tannery effluent. To accomplish this, for a period of 15 days the animals were fed tannery effluent diluted with water in the following concentrations: 0% (control group, received only potable water), 5% and 10%. The body mass of the animals was evaluated at the beginning and end of the experiment, as well as the daily consumption of water and food. After 15 days of exposure to the effluent, the animals were submitted to the elevated plus maze (predictive of anxiety) and the forced swim test (predictive of depression). The treatments did not affect the animals' body mass, either in eating behavior or in consumption of water. However, it was found that the animals that ingested tannery effluent concentrations of 5% and 10% exhibited an anxiolytic (lower level of anxiety, greater percentage of time in the open arms, longer time and frequency in the diving behavior, less time of lurks and less frequency of freezing) and an antidepressant effect (more time in climbing behavior and less time of immobility) when compared to the control group. It was concluded that the exposure of female Swiss mice to tannery effluents (5% and 10% diluted with water) causes behavioral changes, possibly related to the neurotoxicity of this waste, without causing physical changes in the animals.Keywords: agricultural residues, animal model, anxiety, depression, toxicity, xenobiotics. Alterações comportamentais em fêmeas de camundongos

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Forced Swim Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Forced Swim Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral changes in female Swiss mice exposed to tannery effluents

Almeida¹,

Rabelo²,

Souza³

et al. 2016

Rev. ambiente água

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“…Chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs, including fluoxetine, increased swimming times but decreased immobility times [19,20]. Administration of fluoxetine to Swiss mice significantly decreased the duration of immobility time but increased the duration of climbing [21]. The present study showed that the injection with linalool 500 mg/kg in stressed rats for two weeks reduced immobility times but increased climbing times when compared to their controls suggesting that this dose produced antidepressant activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Subchronic Administration of Linalool Decreases Depressive-Like Behaviour in Restrained Rats

Saiyudthong¹,

Srijittapong²,

Mekseepralard³

2017

JPP

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Abstract:Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of linalool in chronically stressed rats on their behaviour as related to depressive disorders and BDNF (brain-derived neurotropic factor) protein in the hippocampus. Methods: Either Tween 80 or linalool (50, 160, 500 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to rats, daily, for two weeks. Some rats were housed in home cages but the others were induced with chronic restrained stress (15 min daily). At the end of the treatment, the rats were assessed for depressive-like behaviour using the forced swimming test. At the end of the behaviour test, the animals were immediately decapitated and the hippocampus of each animal was removed for the measurement of the BDNF protein by ELISA. Result: The immobility time was significantly increased (p < 0.05) but time of climbing was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The restrained rats treated with linalool, 500 mg/kg, displayed immobility times less than those of their controls (p < 0.05) while these rats showed significantly more climbing than in the control rats (p < 0.05). Linalool showed no effect on the BDNF protein in the hippocampus. Conclusions: linalool decreases behaviour related to depressive disorders but it has no effect on the BDNF protein in chronic restrained stress.

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“…Selenophenes tested in this study were effective in reducing total immobility and increasing latency in the FST, suggesting an antidepressant-like action (Costa et al, 2013;Petit-Demouliere et al, 2005). Since locomotor changes may give false positive effects in this test, animals were observed in the locomotor activity monitor, which demonstrated that selenophenes did not change the number of crossings, rearings, velocity and total distance travelled.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

ERK1/2 phosphorylation is involved in the antidepressant-like action of 2,5-diphenyl-3-(4-fluorophenylseleno)-selenophene in mice

Gai

Sanna

Stein

et al. 2014

European Journal of Pharmacology

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a b s t r a c tWe investigated the antidepressant-like action of 5 compounds belonging to the selenophene class. The involvement of ERK and CREB activation in this action was also demonstrated. In the experiment 1, timecourse and dose-response effect of H-DPS, CH 3 -DPS, Cl-DPS, F-DPS and CF 3 -DPS were accompanied in the mouse forced swimming test (FST). Firstly, animals received compounds at a dose of 50 mg/kg, by intragastric (i.g.) route, at different times (15-240 min) before test. Results showed that the peak of maximum anti-despair behavior induced by Cl-DPS, F-DPS and CF 3 -DPS was at 30 min; maximum effect of H-DPS and CH 3 -DPS was found at 60 min, which was maintained until 120 min. Regarding doseresponse effect, all compounds reduced immobility time and increased latency for the first episode of immobility at a dose of 50 mg/kg. In addition, F-DPS also showed antidepressant-like action at a dose of 25 mg/kg, whilst H-DPS, CH 3 -DPS, Cl-DPS and CF 3 -DPS were not effective at lower doses. Thus, F-DPS was chosen for further investigation of its mechanism of action. Experiment 2 showed that treatment of animals with F-DPS (50 mg/kg, i.g.) significantly increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus; however, pCREB levels were not affected. Additionally, in the experiment 3 anti-immobility effect of F-DPS was completely blocked by pretreatment of animals with PD 98,059, an inhibitor of ERK phosphorylation, suggesting that ERK signalling activation is involved in its antidepressant-like action in mice. Together our data appoint F-DPS as a promising molecule for the development of a new antidepressant therapy.

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A proposal for refining the forced swim test in Swiss mice

Cited by 72 publications

References 35 publications

Behavioral changes in female Swiss mice exposed to tannery effluents

Behavioral changes in female Swiss mice exposed to tannery effluents

Subchronic Administration of Linalool Decreases Depressive-Like Behaviour in Restrained Rats

ERK1/2 phosphorylation is involved in the antidepressant-like action of 2,5-diphenyl-3-(4-fluorophenylseleno)-selenophene in mice

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