A probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain: International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM)

Abstract

Motivated by the vast amount of information that is rapidly accumulating about the human brain in digital form, we embarked upon a program in 1992 to develop a four-dimensional probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain. Through an International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) a dataset is being collected that includes 7000 subjects between the ages of eighteen and ninety years and including 342 mono-and dizygotic twins. Data on each subject includes detailed demographic, clinical, behavioural and imaging information. DNA has been collected for genotyping from 5800 subjects. A component of the programme uses post-mortem tissue to determine the probabilistic distribution of microscopic cyto-and chemoarchitectural regions in the human brain. This, combined with macroscopic information about structure and function derived from subjects in vivo, provides the ¢rst large scale opportunity to gain meaningful insights into the concordance or discordance in micro-and macroscopic structure and function. The philosophy, strategy, algorithm development, data acquisition techniques and validation methods are described in this report along with database structures. Examples of results are described for the normal adult human brain as well as examples in patients with Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The ability to quantify the variance of the human brain as a function of age in a large population of subjects for whom data is also available about their genetic composition and behaviour will allow for the ¢rst assessment of cerebral genotype^phenotype^behavioural correlations in humans to take place in a population this large. This approach and its application should provide new insights and opportunities for investigators interested in basic neuroscience, clinical diagnostics and the evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders in patients.

Functional brain network centrality is related to APOE genotype in cognitively normal elderly

“…The rest of the processing was performed using FSL (Smith et al., 2004) as follows. The structural images were mapped into the standard MNI space (Mazziotta et al., 2001) using a spline‐based nonlinear registration algorithm (Rueckert et al., 1999) implemented in FSL as FNIRT. The volumes in the RS‐fMRI data were stripped of nonbrain tissue (Smith, 2002) and spatially realigned to the middle volume of the time series using FSL MC‐FLIRT (Jenkinson, Bannister, Brady, & Smith, 2002).…”

Resting state and personality component (BIS/BAS) predict the brain activity (EEG and fNIRS measure) in response to emotional cues

“…The description of the method is presented in Pascual‐Marqui (2002), and the proof of its exact, zero‐error localization property is described in Pascual‐Marqui (2007, 2009). Computations are made in a realistic head model (Fuchs, Kastner, Wagner, Hawes, & Ebersole, 2002), using the MNI152 template (Mazziotta et al., 2001), with the three‐dimensional solution space restricted to cortical gray matter, as determined by the probabilistic Talairach atlas (Lancaster et al., 2000). The intra‐cerebral volume is partitioned in 6239 voxels at 5 mm spatial resolution.…”

Spatio‐temporal distribution of brain activity associated with audio‐visually congruent and incongruent speech and the McGurk Effect

“…2002) using the Montreal Neurological Institute's MNI152 template (Mazziotta et al. 2001), with the three‐dimensional solution space restricted to cortical gray matter, as determined by the probabilistic Talairach atlas (Lancaster et al. 2000).…”