A preliminary survey and range extension of millipedes species introduced in Brazil (Myriapoda, Diplopoda)

Abstract

The present study provides historical and new records of the introduced millipedes species in Brazil, Oxidus gracilis (C.L. Koch, 1847), Orthomorpha coarctata (Saussure, 1860) (Paradoxosomatidae), Prosopodesmus jacobsoni Silvestri, 1910 (Haplodesmidae), Trachyjulus calvus (Pocock, 1893a), Glyphiulus granulatus (Gervais, 1847) (Cambalopsidae), Trigoniulus corallinus (Gervais, 1842), Leptogoniulus sorornus (Butler, 1876), Epitrigoniulus cruentatus (Brölemann, 1903) (Pachybolidae), Paraspirobolus lucifugus (Gervais, 1837) (Spirobolellidae), Cylindroiulus britannicus (Verhoeff, 1891), Cylindroiulus truncorum (Silvestri, 1896) (Julidae), and Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894) (Siphonotidae). Among the 27 federative units in Brazil, 21 states present at least one record of a non-native species. Orthomorpha coarctata was the most widely distributed species, occurring in 15 states. Glyphiulus granulatus (state of Rio Grande do Sul), C. truncorum (São Paulo), and R. purpureus (Amazonas) were recorded from only one Brazilian state. The Southeast region concentrates most of the compiled records (42,6%) and richness by grid (5-7 species), mainly in urban areas of the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.

Where are they from and where are they going?: detecting areas of endemism, distribution patterns and conservation status of the order Spirostreptida in Brazil (Diplopoda, Juliformia)

“…Most of these endemic areas are contained within the Atlantic Forest biome (Fig. 10a-e), which has been previously shown to be an area of endemism for many invertebrate and vertebrate species ( Historically, the Atlantic coastal region has received considerable attention due to its very restricted millipede fauna (Brölemann 1909;Schubart 1945aSchubart , 1949Schubart , 1950, and more recently for the common occurrence of non-native species (Bouzan et al 2018;Iniesta et al , 2021Iniesta et al , 2022a. Most of the continental islands in the biome were connected to the continent by a land bridge during the recession of seawater at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (~ 85,000-15,000 years ago), with many vertebrate and invertebrate populations remaining isolated from each other and the continent (Martin et al 1986;Fleming et al 1998).…”

“…Hoffman 1980;Bouzan et al 2018;Iniesta et al 2021). Since these early studies, however, few others have focused on the taxonomy of Brazilian Spirostreptida (seeKrabbe 1982).The endemic pattern of Spirostreptida in the Cerrado (areas CAF, ECS, and SAC) may be best explained by the physiognomically heterogeneous vegetation of the biome(Lorenzi 1992) (Fig.10f).…”

First records of millipedes (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) associated to cultivation of Canola Brassica spp. (Brassicaceae) in Brazil

“…Members of the class play important ecological roles as detritivorous, acting directly in the decomposition of organic matter in forests, and in the soil aeration by their movements between the soil layers (Blower, 1985;Hopkin & Read, 1992;Golovatch & Kime, 2009). Millipedes species may be restricted to specific mountains, valleys, small patches of forests, or caves (Golovatch & Kime, 2009;Enghoff, 2015;Iniesta et al, 2021). Some species have been reported as widely introduced around the world by human activities, such as gardening, cultivation of plants, and soil transport (Iniesta et al, 2021).…”

So far from home: first record of Chondromorpha xanthotricha (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae) in the Brazilian Amazon

“…The millipede family Paradoxosomatidae is rather speciose, with over 980 known species, and most diverse in Southeast Asia and in the Neotropical region (Enghoff et al 2015). Several paradoxosomatid species are reported in regions where the taxon does not occur natively (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013), mainly as a result of introductions associated with seedling trade, gardening, cultivation of ornamental plants, and soil transport (Stoev et al 2010;Iniesta et al 2021). Among these anthropically dispersed species, Chondromorpha xantrotricha (Attems, 1898), supposedly native to Sri Lanka and southern India (Nguyen and Sierwald 2013;Sankaran and Sebastian 2017), has been considered an alien species occurring in Southeast Asia, North and Central America (United States, Costa Rica, Panama, and Antilles), Mesoamerica (Mexico), the Caribbean and northern South America (Ecuador, Suriname, and Venezuela) (Jeekel 1963;Shelley and Lehtinen 1998;Hoffman 1999;Jeekel 2002;Shelley and Cupul-Magaña 2007;Decker and Tertilt 2012;Nguyen and Sierwald 2013;Golovatch and Wesener 2016;Likhitrakarn et al 2017).…”

“…Nonetheless, little is known about the effect of these alien species on local communities of partially or highly preserved forests (Iniesta et al 2020). To date, 12 species of millipedes are regarded as invasive in the country (Iniesta et al 2021). Among these, two non-native paradoxosomatid species are known, Orthomorpha coarctata (Saussure 1860) and Oxidus gracilis (Koch 1847), both widely distributed in the northern region and in the Atlantic forest (Iniesta et al 2021).…”