A Preliminary Study on Understanding Voice-only Online Meetings Using Emoji-based Captioning for Deaf or Hard of Hearing Users

CalmResponses: Displaying Collective Audience Reactions in Remote Communication

“…As mentioned in the introduction, one often-used method of presenting real-time audience reactions to speakers in online communication is to use texts or emoticons [42,45,52,64,78]. For example, Teevan et al [64] proposed a system that presents audience reactions, such as "like" or "dislike", in a slide during a presentation.…”

“…In response, several techniques have been proposed in the HCI literature to support speakers during online communication by transmitting audience reactions to them. One way to present audience reactions to speakers is for audience members to send texts or emoticons [52,64]. Although speakers can observe real-time reactions through this method, it forces audience members to manipulate laptops explicitly, making them feel bothersome.…”