A preliminary study on ochre sources in Southwestern Germany and its potential for ochre provenance during the Upper Paleolithic

Velliky, Elizabeth C.; Barbieri, Alvise; Porr, Martin; Conard, Nicholas J.; MacDonald, Brandi L.

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101977

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…However, statistical models employing Fe normalization plus Log 10 to reduce the variance have recently been used by some authors investigating ochre raw material procurement locations (Dayet et al, 2016; Eiselt et al, 2019; MacDonald et al, 2018; Velliky et al, 2019; Zipkin et al, 2017). Therefore, a CA was carried out using the proposed parameters for all the elements (except Fe) (Figure 9a–c) to observe whether the groupings are equivalent to those of the prior model (Figure 8a–c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first cluster (Figure 8), all analyzed elements (Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO, Ti, Fe, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, Tl, V, Zn, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Sc, and Y) were taken as variables. Furthermore, following the geochemical data treatment recently employed by some authors for ochre provenance studies (Dayet, Le Bourdonnec, Daniel, Porraz, & Texier, 2016; Eiselt et al, 2019; MacDonald, Fox, Dubreuil, Beddard, & Pidruczny, 2018; Velliky, Barbieri, Porr, Conard, & MacDonald, 2019; Zipkin et al, 2017) in the second cluster (Figure 9), the same elements (except Fe) were Fe‐normalized and subsequently log 10 transformed. The data were autoscaled before analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and sources of Paleolithic–Mesolithic ochre from Coves de Santa Maira (Valencian Region, Spain)

et al. 2020

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The origin of iron‐oxide materials found at Paleolithic and Neolithic sites in the Spanish Mediterranean region is a pivotal issue that has not yet been explored. The aim of this study is to investigate the exploitation of local ochre sources during the different archaeological phases identified at the site of Coves de Santa Maira (Valencian Region, Eastern Spain). A sampling strategy and a methodological approach were developed. Lumps of ochre and raw materials were sampled from the archaeological site and its surroundings. The archaeological materials studied are from the occupational phases dated to between 15 and 6 ka cal BP, whereas the raw materials sampled from the surroundings of the cave are red fine‐grained and earthy‐grained sedimentary materials and Late Triassic (Keuper) clays. Morphological, mineralogical, and chemical analyses of the samples were carried out, and quantitative data on ochre fragments and processing tools recovered at the site were also included. Finally, Fe‐normalized and log10 transformed data and multivariate statistical analysis, using major, trace, and rare earth elements as variables, were applied to compare the mineralogical and chemical profiles of the archaeological materials with those from geological sources. The results obtained have provided interesting data about iron‐based mineral exploitation during Prehistory in the studied region.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and sources of Paleolithic–Mesolithic ochre from Coves de Santa Maira (Valencian Region, Spain)

et al. 2020

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“…All ochre artefacts were analysed and compared with a geochemical database of 20 source outcrops reported by Velliky et al . (2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NAA was conducted at the Archaeometry Laboratory at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR) using standard procedures described elsewhere (Velliky et al . 2019). In ochre provenance studies, it is common to apply multiple transformations to elemental concentration data before statistical testing, including Fe normalization and log 10 (Popelka‐Filcoff et al .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We investigate the compositional variation of ochre artefacts from HF and compare them with a database of previously characterized ochre outcrops in Germany (Velliky et al . 2019), including local (Swabian Jura, < 80 km), extra‐local (Black Forest, 80–300 km) and distant (Thuringia and Saxony, > 300 km) sources, with the goal to test whether the archaeological ochres were gathered from these formations. We use a combination of qualitative data (Velliky et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First large‐scale provenance study of pigments reveals new complex behavioural patterns during the Upper Palaeolithic of south‐western Germany

et al. 2020

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The use of red iron‐based earth pigments, or ochre, is a key component of early symbolic behaviours for anatomically modern humans and possibly Neanderthals. We present the first ochre provenance study in Central Europe showing long‐term selection strategies by inhabitants of cave sites in south‐western Germany during the Upper Palaeolithic (43–14.5 ka). Ochre artefacts from Hohle Fels, Geißenklösterle and Vogelherd, and local and extra‐local sources, were investigated using neutron activation analysis (NAA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that local ochre sources were continuously and systematically accessed for c.29 500 years, with periodic events of long‐distance (about > 300 km) ochre acquisition during the Aurignacian (c.35–43 ka), suggesting higher mobility than previously suspected. The results reveal previously unknown long‐term, complex spatio‐temporal behavioural patterns during the earliest presence of Homo sapiens in Europe.

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Red Earth, Green Glass, and Compositional Data: A New Procedure for Solid-State Elemental Characterization, Source Discrimination, and Provenience Analysis of Ochres

Zipkin

Ambrose

Lundstrom

et al. 2020

J Archaeol Method Theory

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A preliminary study on ochre sources in Southwestern Germany and its potential for ochre provenance during the Upper Paleolithic

Cited by 10 publications

References 97 publications

Characterization and sources of Paleolithic–Mesolithic ochre from Coves de Santa Maira (Valencian Region, Spain)

Characterization and sources of Paleolithic–Mesolithic ochre from Coves de Santa Maira (Valencian Region, Spain)

First large‐scale provenance study of pigments reveals new complex behavioural patterns during the Upper Palaeolithic of south‐western Germany

Red Earth, Green Glass, and Compositional Data: A New Procedure for Solid-State Elemental Characterization, Source Discrimination, and Provenience Analysis of Ochres

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