A Preliminary Report on the Venom Apparatus of the Bat-Ray, Holorhinus californicus

Halstead, Bruce W.; Modglin, F. Rene

doi:10.2307/1438501

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In cross section, the stings are convex and broadly rounded dorsally, without a median longitudinal dorsal groove that is present in extant stingrays (e.g., Dasyatis, Myliobatis;Halstead and Modglin, 1950). Ventrally, the two longitudinal grooves extend almost the entire length of the sting on both sides of the elevated ventral median ridge (these are particularly pronounced in the holotype, where the stings are ventrally exposed).…”

Section: Appendicular Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The caudal stings are enveloped in an epidermal sheath in extant stingrays. This sheath contains blood vessels ventrally, adjacent to the longitudinal ridges of the stings, and glandular epithelium towards its periphery, which is responsible for the production of venom (Halstead and Modglin, 1950;Halstead, 1970). The caudal sting is already formed by parturition in extant stingrays (although present, it is slightly less acute in embryos), and this was the case in †Asterotrygon as the fetus preserved inside the holotype has a small (13 mm in length) sting that is fully formed (fig.…”

Section: Appendicular Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)

Carvalho

Maisey²,

Grande³

2004

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

111

163

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Frontispiece. Artistic rendering of the new genus and species of stingray described in the present paper in its natural environment. This stingray taxon occurred in Fossil Lake, an extinct tropical to subtropical freshwater intermontane lake that formed as a consequence of the orogeny of the Rocky mountains (fig. 1). Sediments from Fossil Lake are exposed as the Fossil Butte Member of the Green River Formation in presentday Wyoming (some 52 million years before present). The adult female is giving birth through viviparity; this scene is inspired by specimen AMNH 11557, in which an adult female stingray is preserved alongside two small stingrays that are inferred to be her aborted late-term fetuses (fig. 3; see text for details). Based on an original painting by David W. Miller and modified from Maisey (1996: pl. 42).

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Section: Appendicular Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Appendicular Skeletonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)

Carvalho

Maisey²,

Grande³

2004

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History

111

163

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“…Similar to differences in anatomy, spine material varies, and affects the overall mechanics. Both lionfish and stingray spines are made of mineralized collagen, a combination of hydroxyapatite and collagen (Halstead and Modglin, 1950;Halstead et al, 1955). However, the mechanical properties of lionfish and stingray spines remain unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomechanical properties have only been examined for stingers (bees, wasps and scorpions), where venom is delivered through the middle of the spine (Zhao et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2016). Lionfish spines, similar to those of stingrays, have venom glands and grooves that line the sides of the spine, whereas in bees, wasps and scorpions, venom flows through the middle (Halstead and Modglin, 1950;Halstead et al, 1955). Venom delivery morphologies in combination with material composition may affect the properties of the spine under various loading regimes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of the venomous spines of Pterois volitans and morphology among lionfish species

Galloway

Porter

2019

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The red lionfish, Pterois volitans, an invasive species, has 18 venomous spines: 13 dorsal, three anal and one on each pelvic fin. Fish spines can have several purposes, such as defense, intimidation and anchoring into crevices. Instead of being hollow, lionfish spines have a tri-lobed cross-sectional shape with grooves that deliver the venom, tapering towards the tip. We aimed to quantify the impacts of shape (second moment of area) and tapering on the mechanical properties of the spine. We performed two-point bending at several positions along the spines of P. volitans to determine mechanical properties (Young's modulus, elastic energy storage and flexural stiffness). The short and recurved anal and pelvic spines are stiffer and resist bending more effectively than the long dorsal spines. In addition, mechanical properties differ along the length of the spines, most likely because they are tapered. We hypothesize that the highly bendable dorsal spines are used for intimidation, making the fish look larger. The stiffer and energy-absorbing anal and pelvic spines are smaller and less numerous, but they may be used for protection as they are located near important internal structures such as the swim bladder. Lastly, spine second moment of area varies across the Pterois genus. These data suggest there may be morphological and mechanical trade-offs among defense, protection and intimidation for lionfish spines. Overall, the red lionfish venomous spine shape and mechanics may offer protection and intimidate potential predators, significantly contributing to their invasion success. present I as a hydrated spine property for goals 1 and 2 above. In addition, we treated flexural stiffness (EI) as a hydrated spine property when we multiplied hydrated Young's modulus (E) with dehydrated second moment of area (I ). RESULTSMorphology and mechanical properties of P. volitans 6

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“…Lionfish ( Figure 1b) dorsal spines are made of dentine, which is a composite of hydroxyapatite and collagen [11][12][13]. Stingray ( Figure 1c) stings are also composed of dentine [14,15]. Spines and quills found in hedgehogs, porcupines (Figure 1d), and echidnas ( Figure 1e) are made of keratin and are believed to have evolved from hair [16,17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spines of the porcupine fish: Structure, composition, and mechanical properties

Bushong

Deerinck

et al. 2017

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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A Preliminary Report on the Venom Apparatus of the Bat-Ray, Holorhinus californicus

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)

Freshwater Stingrays of the Green River Formation of Wyoming (Early Eocene), With the Description of a New Genus and Species and an Analysis of Its Phylogenetic Relationships (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes)

Mechanical properties of the venomous spines of Pterois volitans and morphology among lionfish species

Spines of the porcupine fish: Structure, composition, and mechanical properties

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