A pragmatic approach to the classification of menopausal status for community-based research

Bell, Robin Jean; Lijovic, Marijana; Fradkin, Pam; Davis, Susan Ruth

doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318162c487

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In macaque monkeys, CEE appears to have a diminished stimulatory effect on breast compared to E 2 . 46 We emphasize then that an important gap at the present time is lack of a direct, randomized, head-to-head comparison of E 2 alone versus CEE alone in menopausal women. This is critically necessary to provide further evidence of differential effects on breast cancer development in women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of a tissue selective estrogen complex on breast cancer: Role of unique properties of conjugated equine estrogen

Yue

Wang

Atkins

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The Women's Health Initiative studies reported that the menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) regimen containing conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and medroxyprogesterone acetate increased, whereas CEE alone reduced breast cancer incidence. These observations suggest the possibility that CEE might exert unique actions on breast and also suggest the need to eliminate the progestogen from MHT regimens. A MHT regimen called a tissue selective estrogen complex (TSEC), containing CEE plus bazedoxifene (BZA), to avoid the need for a progestogen, was developed and FDA approved. Our study addressed two questions regarding this TSEC: (i) whether CEE exert effects on breast cancer which differ from those of estradiol (E ) and (ii) whether BZA antagonize the effects of E and CEE on breast cancer? Two rodent models (NMU and ACI) were used to compare the effect of CEE with E on mammary tumor formation, proliferation and apoptosis. In both the NMU and ACI models, E significantly increased tumor incidence and multiplicity whereas in striking contrast CEE did not, even though the estrogenic effects of CEE and E on uterine weight were identical. Mechanistically E blocked whereas CEE stimulated apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) in ACI animals and only E stimulated proliferation (Ki67). BZA exerted highly potent anti-estrogenic effects on tumors by completely blocking palpable tumor formation. These data suggest that the CEE/BZA TSEC may be a safer, breast-antagonistic, MHT agent for women and might have potential to prevent breast cancer while relieving menopausal symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Effect of a tissue selective estrogen complex on breast cancer: Role of unique properties of conjugated equine estrogen

Yue

Wang

Atkins

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…Participation involved collection of a single blood sample and completion of a questionnaire requesting demographic, health and lifestyle information, including a validated menopausal staging algorithm [26].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Associated Changes in Monocyte and Innate Immune Activation Markers Occur More Rapidly in HIV Infected Women

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAging is associated with immune dysfunction and the related development of conditions with an inflammatory pathogenesis. Some of these immune changes are also observed in HIV infection, but the interaction between immune changes with aging and HIV infection are unknown. Whilst sex differences in innate immunity are recognized, little research into innate immune aging has been performed on women.MethodsThis cross-sectional study of HIV positive and negative women used whole blood flow cytometric analysis to characterize monocyte and CD8+ T cell subsets. Plasma markers of innate immune activation were measured using standard ELISA-based assays.ResultsHIV positive women exhibited elevated plasma levels of the innate immune activation markers CXCL10 (p<0.001), soluble CD163 (sCD163, p = 0.001), sCD14 (p = 0.022), neopterin (p = 0.029) and an increased proportion of CD16+ monocytes (p = 0.009) compared to uninfected controls. Levels of the innate immune aging biomarkers sCD163 and the proportion of CD16+ monocytes were equivalent to those observed in HIV negative women aged 14.5 and 10.6 years older, respectively. CXCL10 increased with age at an accelerated rate in HIV positive women (p = 0.002) suggesting a synergistic effect between HIV and aging on innate immune activation. Multivariable modeling indicated that age-related increases in innate immune biomarkers CXCL10 and sCD163 are independent of senescent changes in CD8+ T lymphocytes.ConclusionsQuantifying the impact of HIV on immune aging reveals that HIV infection in women confers the equivalent of a 10–14 year increase in the levels of innate immune aging markers. These changes may contribute to the increased risk of inflammatory age-related diseases in HIV positive women.

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“…Women were classified as premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal, using published algorithms 23,24 derived from the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop þ 10 classification. 25,26 Women were classified based on age, history of bilateral oophorectomy, hysterectomy, menstrual bleeding, VMS, and use of systemic hormone therapies.…”

Section: Assessment Of Menopause Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low use of effective and safe therapies for moderate to severe menopausal symptoms

et al. 2016

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A pragmatic approach to the classification of menopausal status for community-based research

Abstract: The Health and Wellbeing After Breast Cancer study menopausal classification algorithm is a useful tool for research involving female participants that allows for the classification of women who have had a hysterectomy and/or use systemic hormonal contraception or hormone therapy.

Cited by 37 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of a tissue selective estrogen complex on breast cancer: Role of unique properties of conjugated equine estrogen

Effect of a tissue selective estrogen complex on breast cancer: Role of unique properties of conjugated equine estrogen

Age-Associated Changes in Monocyte and Innate Immune Activation Markers Occur More Rapidly in HIV Infected Women

Low use of effective and safe therapies for moderate to severe menopausal symptoms

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