“…Various epistemic goals may then be derived from differing preferences over real-world actions. Persuasion (Barnett et al, 2022;Mercier & Sperber, 2011) or deception (Oey et al, 2022) could emerge as short-term strategies to achieve speaker-serving actions, while truthfulness (Sbardolini, 2022) or politeness (P. Brown & Levinson, 1987) could signal aligned interests (Yoon et al, 2018(Yoon et al, , 2020 to preserve long-term cooperation (Baxter, 1984). 18 Finally, humans use language to enforce social norms (Li & Tomasello, 2021;Vaish et al, 2011) and commitments (Kanngiesser et al, 2017;Ostrom et al, 1992).…”