“…With the development of laser technology, ripples can now be induced by different lasers with varied wavelengths and pulse widths. In general, LIPSS with periods close to the laser wavelength are called low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL), while LIPSS with periods much smaller than the laser wavelength are referred to as high spatial frequency LIPSS (HSFL) [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the formation mechanisms of LIPSS, such as interference mechanisms [31], excitation of surface plasmon polaritons [32], self-organization [33], second harmonic generation [34], and Coulomb explosion [35].…”