A Practical Approach for Generating the Strut-and-Tie Models of Anchorage Zones

Zhong, Jitao; Wang, Lai; Li, Yunfeng; Zhou, Man

doi:10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001013

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Bruggi 16 used the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) optimization to generate the STM of reinforced concrete structures. Zhong et al 18 constructed the STM of anchorage zones by using the ground structure optimization. Due to the composite material feature of reinforced concrete, some scholars 19,20 optimized the reinforcement by truss optimization and optimized the concrete by continuum optimization, so as to obtain a more engineering-friendly STM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of strut‐and‐tie models for members under complex stress states based on topology optimization

Fang

Zhang

Yin

2023

Structural Concrete

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The construction of strut‐and‐tie models (STMs) is the key, but also the difficulty when the model is used to describe the force mechanism and guide the reinforcement layout design of concrete disturbed regions (D‐regions). Topology optimization is a promising way to guide STMs construction. Different from the existing construction methods of predetermining nodes, the angle of inclination of the truss elements is first determined to ensure that it is consistent with that of the principal stresses in a 2D finite element model of the structure. The constructed model can well reflect the force transmission path of structural members, and it is better than the existing methods when it is evaluated through the principle of minimum strain energy. To verify the validity of the STM, a reinforcement layout scheme is adopted completely according to the position of the tension ties. On this basis, another reinforcement layout scheme adds additional transverse reinforcements in the bottle‐shaped stress field. The nonlinear finite element comparative analysis of an irregular deep beam designed by the two schemes is carried out. The results show that the two ultimate loads are close. Brittle failure occurs in the former, while the latter has higher deformability and eventually ductile failure occurs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of strut‐and‐tie models for members under complex stress states based on topology optimization

Fang

Zhang

Yin

2023

Structural Concrete

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“…In the past decades, topology optimization, 1,2 as a cutting-edge mathematical and mechanical theory, has been used to assist the design of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, especially for complex stressed components (such as deep beam 3,4 and box girder, 5,6 ) or joint. 7,8 Among various of topology optimization algorithms of continuum structures, evolutionary structural optimization type (ESO-type) algorithms, 9 and solid isotropic material penalty model type (SIMP-type) algorithms 10 have been thoroughly concerned and applied in recent years as their good convergence and stability. Especially in ESO-type ones, the classical one was developed into bidirectional ESO (BESO) 11,12 which removes inefficient materials and adds efficient materials simultaneously to avoid the solution being a local optimum due to onedirection deletion of materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liu et al 20 developed genetic evolutionary structural optimization, by which optimal topologies of a few simply supported deep beams and continuous deep beams are evolved, and then the corresponding STMs were constructed for aiding reinforcement design. The design freedom can be maximized in this mode, nevertheless, there is an unreasonable factor 7,21 of taking concrete as one of the optimization objects. Furthermore, there is severe subjective interference in designs of establishing STMs and transforming it into the reinforcement design drawing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of feasible reinforcement domain on the topology optimization with discrete model finite element analysis

Luo

Zhang

Wang

2022

Structural Concrete

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In topology optimization with discrete model finite element analysis (FEA), feasible reinforcement domain determines to a large extent the result, and the trade-off between accuracy and efficiency of optimization as well. Therefore, a cantilever reinforced concrete short beam was comparatively optimized based on five feasible reinforcement domains with complexity at different levels, respectively. The outcomes exhibit that, it is reasonable to evolve reinforcement layout by topology optimization with discrete model FEA. The orientation of diagonal reinforcement in optimal topologies from complex feasible reinforcement domains would correspond more to the orientation of the principal tensile stress than that using simple ones, since complex ones have rebar distribution with high density or diagonal reinforcement with various orientations. After optimization, the global stress level of the reinforcement decreases, and then utilization rate of the reinforcement strength increases. Additionally, the consumption of rebar and the workload of reinforcement engineering only slightly increased, although such optimal reinforcement topologies are relatively complex. Consequently, the mechanical properties of concrete members can be substantially improved by using a more complex feasible reinforcement domain for optimizing rebar distribution. A complex domain should be chosen on the premise of completing the optimization within a reasonable time in engineering applications.

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“…In Salem's study, a micro-truss model was considered as a generalization of strut-and-tie model (STM) which is an ideal tool for analyzing the distributed region (D region). In the last two decades, topology optimization method was widely used to automatically develop the STM [3], however, optimal topology of the D region modelled by solid element could fail to reflect the characteristics of force spreading [4].The emergency of micro-truss element provide an enhanced method for modelling and developing the optimal strut-and-tie model [5]. Further, the two-dimensional micro-truss element can be extended to three-dimensional [6], which is more challenging for determine an optimal STM with continuum model for concrete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Plane Equivalent Micro-truss Element for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Xue¹,

Lam²

2019

World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering

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Plane or solid elements are the most commonly used elements for finite element analysis (FEA), especially for predicting the behaviour of reinforced concrete structures in engineering practices. However, there are some limitations in the continuum model built with plane or solid elements. Traditional FEA with the continuum model is not only time consuming due to numerous degrees of freedom but also difficult to predict crack propagation. Properly replacing the continuum model with micro-truss elements in the analysis could be cost effective, especially for automatically generating the strut-and-tie model (STM), which is an ideal tool for analysis and design of the distributed region (D region). In this paper, a micro-truss element consisting of four nodes, using horizontal, vertical and diagonal members only hinged at both ends of the element is proposed to replace the plane elements. The equivalence formulas between the micro-truss element and the plane element are derived. The result was validated by comparing the solution of three cases modelled by Abaqus standard element. Moreover, the feasibility of combining with other types of element was studied by modelling a simply supported beam with reinforcements.

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A Practical Approach for Generating the Strut-and-Tie Models of Anchorage Zones

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Construction of strut‐and‐tie models for members under complex stress states based on topology optimization

Construction of strut‐and‐tie models for members under complex stress states based on topology optimization

Influence of feasible reinforcement domain on the topology optimization with discrete model finite element analysis

A Plane Equivalent Micro-truss Element for Reinforced Concrete Structures

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