A Possible Function of Structural Lipids in the Water-Holding Properties of the Stratum Corneum

Imokawa, Genji; Hattori, Michihiro

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12265365

Cited by 178 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum have been implicated as important determinants in the water-retaining properties (1,2) and in the barrier function (3,4) of the skin. Ceramides are major constituents of intercellular lipids, comprising more than 50% of them.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is upregulated in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis

Okamoto

Arikawa

Ishibashi

et al. 2003

Journal of Lipid Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To clarify the functional relevance of sphingomyelin (SM) deacylase to the ceramide deficiency seen in atopic dermatitis (AD), we developed a new highly sensitive method and measured the metabolic intermediate sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) that accumulates in the stratum corneum. SPC in intercellular lipids extracted from stratum corneum was reacted with [ 14 C]acetic anhydride to yield [ 14 C-C 2 ]SM, which was then analyzed by TLC. In both the lesional and non-lesional stratum corneum obtained from patients with AD, there was a significant increase in the content of SPC over that of healthy control subjects. There was a reciprocal relationship between increases in SPC and decreases in ceramide levels of stratum corneum obtained from healthy controls, and from lesional and non-lesional skin from patients with AD. Comparison with other sphingolipids present in the stratum corneum demonstrated that there is a significant positive correlation between SPC and glucosylsphingosine, another lysosphingolipid derived from glucosylceramide by another novel epidermal enzyme, termed glucosylceramide deacylase. In contrast, there was no correlation between SPC and sphingosine, a degradative product generated from ceramide by ceramidase. These findings strongly suggest the physiological relevance of SM deacylase function in vivo to the ceramide deficiency found in the skin of patients with AD. Intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum have been implicated as important determinants in the water-retaining properties (1, 2) and in the barrier function (3, 4) of the skin. Ceramides are major constituents of intercellular lipids, comprising more than 50% of them. Previously, we demonstrated that there is a marked reduction in the amount of ceramides in the stratum corneum in lesional and in non-lesional forearm skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) (5), which suggested that the ceramide deficiency is an important etiologic factor for the barrierdisrupted and dry skin seen in AD. Subsequently, we found that the causative factor behind the ceramide deficiency in the stratum corneum of patients with AD is an abnormal expression of sphingomyelin (SM) deacylase in their epidermis (6). This enzyme hydrolyzes SM at the acyl site to yield free fatty acid and sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) instead of the formation of ceramide and phosphorylcholine (PC) by sphingomyelinase (SMase). Direct enzymatic analysis of the stratum corneum or of the epidermis of patients with AD revealed that there are 9-fold or 3-fold increases, respectively, in the activity of SM deacylase in patients with AD compared with healthy normal controls (7). The sum of those findings demonstrates that the novel epidermal enzyme SM deacylase is expressed at high levels in the epidermis of patients with AD. The competition of this enzyme with SMase for the common substrate SM leads to the ceramide deficiency in the stratum corneum of patients with AD. Thus in this study, in order to clarify the physiologic and functional relevance of SM deacylase t...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is upregulated in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis

Okamoto

Arikawa

Ishibashi

et al. 2003

Journal of Lipid Research

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…25,26) In the oral mucosa little is known regarding the mecha nisms of water-holding properties of hyaluronic acid, which has a primary moisturizing role in sub mucosal and subcutaneous tissues. 27~29) In females with dry mouth, the level of hyaluronic acid in saliva is markedly lower than that of a normal female group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Oral Dryness of the Elderly in Need of Care—The Effect of Dentifrice with Oral Moisturizing Agents—

Ooka

Mukai

2012

DMR, Dental Med Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The aim of this study was to fi nd a method for the elderly to cope with xerostomia and oral dryness. In particular, we investigated whether daily oral health care with a dentifrice that included a moisturizing agent could affect oral dryness. The subjects were 10 elderly women (mean age was 80.1 years old) who resided in a nursing home and were using a dentifrice that contained a moisturizing agent for daily oral health care. After three months of the beginning of using a dentifrice, the participants were classifi ed into 2 groups, 5 women who continued to use the dentifrice and the others who stopped using the dentifrice for two months. An oral dryness evaluation was carried out with an oral mucosal moisture measurement and a saliva wetness test at the beginning of use of the dentifrice, three months and fi ve months later. The oral mucosal moisture measurement of buccal and tongue mucosa indicated a signifi cant improvement after 3 months of continued use of the dentifrice. However, all participants who had stopped using the dentifrice reverted to their prior oral dryness condition after fi ve months. In the dentifrice group there was almost no variation for two months. These results show that application of a dentifrice with an oral moisturizing agent could improve the oral dryness of the elderly. When the elderly stop using the dentifrice, multidirectional intervention could be needed for fundamental improvement of oral dryness and xerostomia.

show abstract

“…ALT (U/L) 40 demonstrated that there is a marked decrease in ceramide level within the SC of both uninvolved and involved skin of patients with AD. Yamamoto et al 41 observed that the relative amounts of all the stratum corneum lipid classes including squalene, cholesterol esters, wax esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, ceramides, cholesterol sulphate and phospholipids did not differ statistically between AD patients and controls but, a significant decrease in proportion of ceramide 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) Extract on the Stratum Corneum Hydration and Ceramides Content in Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Cho

Kim

et al. 2008

Ann Dermatol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: A disruption of the balance between the water content of the stratum corneum (SC) and skin surface lipids may lead to the clinical manifestation of dryness of skin in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).Objective: To determine whether supplementation of gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), one of herbs used in East Asia in remedies for various abnormal skin conditions, may improve the SC level of hydration and ceramides, major lipid in SC in patients with AD.Methods: A total of 28 subjects with AD were randomly assigned into two groups: either gromwell group received dextrose contained capsules with 1.5 g of gromwell extracts or placebo group received only dextrose contained capsules for 10 weeks.Results: In contrast to no alteration of SC hydration and ceramides in placebo group, the SC hydration in gromwell group was significantly increased in parallel with an increase of SC ceramides. Furthermore, % increase of SC hydration in gromwell group bore a positive correlation with the clinical severity, which suggests that the increase of SC hydration in gromwell group was more effective as AD was more severe.Conclusion: Supplementation of gromwell improves SC hydration in parallel with an increase of ceramides in part.

show abstract

A Possible Function of Structural Lipids in the Water-Holding Properties of the Stratum Corneum

Cited by 178 publications

References 9 publications

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is upregulated in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis

Sphingosylphosphorylcholine is upregulated in the stratum corneum of patients with atopic dermatitis

Changes in Oral Dryness of the Elderly in Need of Care—The Effect of Dentifrice with Oral Moisturizing Agents—

The Effect of Gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) Extract on the Stratum Corneum Hydration and Ceramides Content in Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About