A portable electrochemical sensor for detection of the veterinary drug xylazine in beverage samples

Saisahas, Kasrin; Soleh, Asamee; Promsuwan, Kiattisak; Phonchai, Apichai; Sadiq, Nabeesathul Sumayya Mohamed; Teoh, Way Koon; Chang, Kah Haw; Abdullah, Ahmad Fahmi Lim; Limbut, Warakorn

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113958

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Developed analytical methods for the detection of alprazolam include high performance liquid chromatography [ 7 ], gas chromatography [ 8 ], UV-vis spectroscopy [ 9 ], and electrochemical techniques [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Electrochemical techniques are simple, inexpensive, and provide fast response times and good sensitivity [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) is an electrochemical technique that is widely used for the analysis of trace organic compounds and various elements [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

et al. 2021

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A simple and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor was developed for adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry of alprazolam. Based on an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode, the sensor demonstrated good adsorption and electrochemical reduction of alprazolam. The morphology of the glassy carbon electrode and the electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of alprazolam were determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the analytical measurements were studied by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Optimized operational conditions included the concentration and deposition time of sulfuric acid in the electrochemical pretreatment, preconcentration potential, and preconcentration time. Under optimal conditions, the developed alprazolam sensor displayed a quantification limit of 0.1 mg L−1, a detection limit of 0.03 mg L−1, a sensitivity of 67 µA mg−1 L cm−2 and two linear ranges: 0.1 to 4 and 4 to 20 mg L−1. Sensor selectivity was excellent, and repeatability (%RSD < 4.24%) and recovery (82.0 ± 0.2 to 109.0 ± 0.3%) were good. The results of determining alprazolam in beverages with the developed system were in good agreement with results from the gas chromatography–mass spectrometric method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

et al. 2021

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“…Saisahas et al recently reported a simple portable electrochemical sensor for xylazine based on dropcasted graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on carbon SPEs for the voltammetric determination in spiked alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Their choice of GBPs allowed enhanced adsorption and a unique electrochemical profile, which is based on adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) [57]. Zhang et al reported an ingenious use of commercial personal glucose meters (PGM) coupled with a novel sensitive method for ampicillin detection in milk.…”

Section: Veterinary Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroanalytical Overview: Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Food and Drink Safety

2021

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Robust, reliable, and affordable analytical techniques are essential for screening and monitoring food and water safety from contaminants, pathogens, and allergens that might be harmful upon consumption. Recent advances in decentralised, miniaturised, and rapid tests for health and environmental monitoring can provide an alternative solution to the classic laboratory-based analytical techniques currently utilised. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising option as portable sensing platforms to expedite the transition from laboratory benchtop to on-site analysis. A plethora of electroanalytical sensor platforms have been produced for the detection of small molecules, proteins, and microorganisms vital to ensuring food and drink safety. These utilise various recognition systems, from direct electrochemical redox processes to biological recognition elements such as antibodies, enzymes, and aptamers; however, further exploration needs to be carried out, with many systems requiring validation against standard benchtop laboratory-based techniques to offer increased confidence in the sensing platforms. This short review demonstrates that electroanalytical biosensors already offer a sensitive, fast, and low-cost sensor platform for food and drink safety monitoring. With continued research into the development of these sensors, increased confidence in the safety of food and drink products for manufacturers, policy makers, and end users will result.

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“…However, the peak oxidation of xylazine reported in these works was observed at high potentials (0.85 and 1.00 V, respectively), and it also had limited practicality for on-site analysis. Motivated by the above limitations, our group previously developed a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with graphene nanoplatelets for on-site analysis that could detect xylazine oxidation at a potential of 0.73 V. 21 However, the instruments were still quite large and the electrode was expensive. Therefore, we developed and designed a smaller, portable electrochemical device that is more convenient and practical to use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 24 Our previous study highlighted the benefits of graphene, where π···π interactions between aromatic molecules of xylazine and graphene greatly increased adsorption in the pre-concentration step of electrochemical measurement. 21 Nanostructures of very highly conductive polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), 25 − 27 poly pyrrole, 28 poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), 29 and their composites have already been used as electrode surface modifiers. In this work, PANI was chosen to improve the performance of the electrochemical sensor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocoral-like Polyaniline-Modified Graphene-Based Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Device for a Portable Electrochemical Sensor for Xylazine Detection

et al. 2022

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A portable electrochemical device for xylazine detection is presented for the first time. An electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) was integrated with a smartphone. The fabrication of the ePAD involved wax printing, low-tack transfer tape, and cutting and screen-printing techniques. Graphene ink was coated on the substrate and modified with nanocoral-like polyaniline, providing an electron transfer medium with a larger effective surface area that promoted charge transfer. The conductive ink on the ePAD presented a thickness of 25.0 ± 0.9 μm for an effective surface area of 0.374 cm 2 . This sensor was then tested directly on xylazine using differential pulse voltammetry. Two linear responses were obtained: from 0.2 to 5 μg mL –1 and from 5 to 100 μg mL –1 . The detection limit was 0.06 μg mL –1 . Reproducibility was tested on 10 preparations. The relative standard deviation was less than 5%. The applicability of the sensor was evaluated with beverage samples spiked with trace xylazine. Recoveries ranged from 84 ± 4 to 105 ± 2%. The developed sensor demonstrated excellent accuracy in the detection of trace xylazine. It would be possible to develop the portable system to detect various illicit drugs to aid forensic investigations.

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A portable electrochemical sensor for detection of the veterinary drug xylazine in beverage samples

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry for Quantification of Alprazolam

Electroanalytical Overview: Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Food and Drink Safety

Nanocoral-like Polyaniline-Modified Graphene-Based Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Device for a Portable Electrochemical Sensor for Xylazine Detection

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