A Portable Device for Concentrating Bacteriophages from Large Volumes of Freshwater

Seeley, N. D.; Mallard, G.; Primrose, Sandy B.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb01178.x

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A variety of membranes and filter systems is available, among the well-known ones are CUNO 1-MDS Virosorb and CUNO Zeta Plus 50-S or 60-S filters. Application of these and related positivelycharged filters in procedures with a wide variety of modifications and variations were used to recover enteric viruses and phages (Primrose and Day, 1977;Seeley et al, 1979;Logan et al, 1980;Singh and Gerba, 1983;Goyal et al, 1987;Sinton et al, 1996). Goyal et al (1980) used positively-charged Zeta Plus filters to recover coliphages MS-2, X-174, T2 and T4 from 17 litre volumes of tap water, sewage and lake water.…”

Section: Adsorption-elution Methods Using Positively-charged Filter Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is largely because somatic coliphages are detectable by simple, inexpensive and rapid techniques, and the phages occur in large numbers in any water environment exposed to human or animal excreta. Data on the incidence of somatic coliphages in fresh water environments have been recorded by many authors, including Hilton and Stotsky (1973), Kenard and Valentine (1974), Primrose and Day (1977), Seeley et al (1979), Logan et al (1980), Bitton et al (1981), Simkova and Servenka (1981), Grabow et al (1984Grabow et al ( , 1993Grabow et al ( , 1998, Kennedy et al (1985), , Scheuerman et al (1987) and Araujo et al (1997). Counts of somatic and F-RNA phages as high as 10 5 per litre have been recorded for lake and river water.…”

Section: Incidence Of Phages In Water Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacteriophages: update on application as models for viruses in water

Grabow¹

2004

WSA

184

230

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Phages are valuable models or surrogates for enteric viruses because they share many fundamental properties and features. Among these are structure, composition, morphology, size and site of replication. Even though they use different host cells, coliphages and Bacteroides fragilis phages predominantly replicate in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals where enteric viruses also replicate. A major advantage of phages is that, compared to viruses, they are detectable by simple, inexpensive and rapid techniques. In view of these features, phages are particularly useful as models to assess the behaviour and survival of enteric viruses in the environment, and as surrogates to assess the resistance of human viruses to water treatment and disinfection processes. Since there is no direct correlation between numbers of phages and viruses, phages cannot to a meaningful extent be used to indicate numbers of viruses in polluted water. The presence of phages typically associated with human and animal excreta indicates the potential presence of enteric viruses. However, the absence of these phages from water environments is generally a meaningful indication of the absence of enteric viruses. This is because phages such as somatic coliphages, F-RNA coliphages and B. fragilis phages generally outnumber enteric viruses in water environments, and they are at least as resistant to unfavourable conditions including those in water treatment and disinfection processes. However, using highly sensitive molecular techniques viruses have been detected in drinking water supplies which yielded negative results in conventional tests for phages. Initially, data on phages were rather confusing because a wide variety of techniques was used. However, techniques for the detection of phages are being standardised internationally. This applies in particular to somatic and F-RNA coliphages, and B. fragilis phages, which are most commonly used in water quality assessment. Reliable and practical techniques now available include direct quantitative plaque assays on samples of water up to 100 ml, and qualitative tests on 500 ml or more using highly sensitive enrichment procedures.

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Section: Adsorption-elution Methods Using Positively-charged Filter Mmentioning

confidence: 99%