A Polyallylamine Anchored Amine‐Rich Laser‐Ablated Graphene Platform for Facile and Highly Selective Electrochemical IgG Biomarker Detection

Abstract

Current immunosensors have an insufficient number of binding sites for the recognition of biomolecules, which leads to false positive or negative results. In this research, a facile, cost‐effective, disposable, and highly selective electrochemical immunosensing platform is developed based on cationic polyelectrolyte polyallylamine (PAAMI) anchored laser‐ablated graphene (LAG). Here, for the first time, PAAMI is introduced to stabilize LAG flakes, while retaining the intrinsic thermal and electronic properties of the substrate by noncovalent π–π interaction and electrostatic physical absorption. The sensing platform offers a suitable number of anchoring sites for the immobilized antibodies by providing NH2 functional groups. The proper grafting of PAAMI is confirmed through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The immunosensing platform is applied to detect immunoglobulin (IgG) biomarkers as a proof of concept. Under optimized conditions, the sensing platform exhibits a linear range of 0.012–15 and 15–352 ng mL−1 with a limit of detection of 6 pg mL−1 for IgG detection with high selectivity. Based on the analysis, the developed immunosensing platform can be used for point‐of‐care detection of IgG in clinical diagnostic centers. Furthermore, the developed strategy is well suited for the detection of other cancer biomarkers after immobilizing the relevant antibodies.

Rapid Point-of-Care COVID-19 Diagnosis with a Gold-Nanoarchitecture-Assisted Laser-Scribed Graphene Biosensor

“… 37 , 43 Next, 8.0 μL of the antibody (200 μg/mL prepared in 0.1 M PBS containing a 0.1 M KCl solution) was added to the working electrode surface for 16 h incubation at 4 °C. 44 Electrodes were washed with 0.1 M PBS containing a 0.1 M KCl solution after the incubation of the antibody. As the last preparation step, 8.0 μL of 0.1 mg/mL BSA dissolved in 0.1 M PBS containing a 0.1 M KCl solution was placed onto the working electrode surface to block the unwanted active area.…”

A Redox Cu(II)-Graphene Oxide Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode as a Cost-Effective and Versatile Sensing Platform for Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor and Non-enzymatic Glucose Sensor

“…There are many kinds of electroactive materials employed to construct a sensitive and simple electrochemical sensors such as conducting polymers (Tabrizi et al, 2016;Pothipor et al, 2018;Putnin et al, 2018;Chanarsa et al, 2020), metal nanoparticles (NPs) (Hoa et al, 2015;Jeong et al, 2018;Tran et al, 2018;Dilmac and Guler, 2020), metal oxide nanostructures (Dong et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021), and carbon nanoarchitectures (Pothipor et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016;Shen and Shen, 2019). Many attempts aim to develop the materials offering the sensors with LODs (Li et al, 2014(Li et al, , 2016Shen et al, 2015;Zhu et al, 2015;Montes et al, 2016;Tang and Ma, 2016;Zhang et al, 2016;Dong et al, 2017;Han et al, 2017;Barman et al, 2020). Moreover, they are also investigated as multifunctional materials playing many roles in the device performances when they are used to construct electrodes and/or modify electrodes.…”

“…In addition, metals and metal oxides decorated on CNTs, rGO, and GO as efficient electrocatalysts are employed for uses in the non-enzymatic detections (Dhara et al, 2014 ; Hoa et al, 2015 ; Ngo et al, 2017 ; Jeong et al, 2018 ; Tran et al, 2018 ; Dilmac and Guler, 2020 ). Among these nanocarbons, low-cost GO and rGO attracted more interest because of its large electrochemical active surface area, oxygenic functional groups in complexation with metal ions/metal NPs (redox probes) and in the immobilization of the active antibodies, and good electrical conductivity (Wu et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2016 ; Sridhar and Park, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Barman et al, 2020 ). Moreover, metal-rGO and metal-GO complexes as redox materials can be eventually used for constructions of immunosensors (Wu et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Barman et al, 2020 ) and electrocatalysis-based sensors with no enzyme usage (Alizadeh and Mirzagholipur, 2014 ; Badhulika et al, 2014 ; Jiang et al, 2014 ; Hoa et al, 2015 ; Yazid et al, 2016 ; Ngo et al, 2017 ; Sridhar and Park, 2018 ; Dilmac and Guler, 2020 ).…”

“…Among these nanocarbons, low-cost GO and rGO attracted more interest because of its large electrochemical active surface area, oxygenic functional groups in complexation with metal ions/metal NPs (redox probes) and in the immobilization of the active antibodies, and good electrical conductivity (Wu et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2016 ; Sridhar and Park, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Barman et al, 2020 ). Moreover, metal-rGO and metal-GO complexes as redox materials can be eventually used for constructions of immunosensors (Wu et al, 2013 ; Li et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Barman et al, 2020 ) and electrocatalysis-based sensors with no enzyme usage (Alizadeh and Mirzagholipur, 2014 ; Badhulika et al, 2014 ; Jiang et al, 2014 ; Hoa et al, 2015 ; Yazid et al, 2016 ; Ngo et al, 2017 ; Sridhar and Park, 2018 ; Dilmac and Guler, 2020 ). It is known that although rGO has the higher electric conductivity, GO offers sufficient electrochemical reactivity (Jumpathong et al, 2016 ; Norfun et al, 2017 ).…”

Hydrogen Peroxide Detection by Super-Porous Hybrid CuO/Pt NP Platform: Improved Sensitivity and Selectivity

“…There are almost 18 million cancer cases around the world according to the report by the World Cancer Research Fund International (www.wcrf.org) in 2018. Cancers are of many forms, such as lung, liver, prostrate, cervical, bladder, ovarian and breast and the costly diagnosis is required [2], [3]. To have the best chances for successful treatments, as early detection is crucial [4].…”