A Poly(3,4‐alkylenedioxythiophene) Electrochromic Variable Optical Attenuator with Near‐Infrared Reflectivity Tuned Independently of the Visible Region

Dyer, Aubrey L.; Grenier, Christophe R. G.; Reynolds, John R.

doi:10.1002/adfm.200601145

Cited by 121 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Using either of these two protocols to measure optical transmission could be justified if, for example, the intended end use was a device such as an auto-dimming car mirror or architectural glazing. [40][41][42] Alternatively, if the intended use was to control the transmission of IR radiation [12,43,44] , one could justify quoting the wavelength(s) at which the maximum and minimum response was produced in bleached and darkened states (note: maxima and minima may occur at different wavelengths). Alternatively, one could quote the wavelength at which the maximum optical transmission range, D%Tx max , is recorded.…”

Section: Optical Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement Protocols for Reporting PEDOT Thin Film Conductivity and Optical Transmission: A Critical Survey

Fabretto

Zuber

Jariego-Moncunill

et al. 2011

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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PEDOT is one of the most frequently studied conducting polymers in literature but values for optical transmission and electrical conductivity vary greatly. Therefore measurement protocols are examined and insights are suggested into why the protocols themselves may lead to differences. Reported PEDOT conductivity is the result of contact and non‐contact film thickness and four‐point probe measurements. The soft nature of PEDOT implies that any contact method must be executed with extreme care as values of conductivity ranging from 780 to 2 775 S · cm−1 can be obtained. Similarly, variations in the optical minimum, maximum, and transmission range are found based on different switching voltage protocols. The results present here highlight the need for explicitly stating the measurement protocol used.magnified image

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Section: Optical Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement Protocols for Reporting PEDOT Thin Film Conductivity and Optical Transmission: A Critical Survey

Fabretto

Zuber

Jariego-Moncunill

et al. 2011

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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“…This study was undertaken using two complementary colouring electrochromic polymers. Poly transmissive difference between dark (reduced) and bleached (oxidized) state 25,27,30 . Poly(2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid) (PMAS) 31 ( Figure 1 (c)) was selected as anodically colouring material due to its high transparency in the bleached (reduced) state.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Chronoamperometry of ECD with 0.97 charge ratio (Figure 4 (d)) confirmed the charge balance status of the device from another aspect as response current came back to zero at the end of switch intervals. 30 Initial studies on dark-state colours (+0.8V) were carried out and a representative response is shown for a 1:1 mixed polymer ECD ( Figure 5). This ECD illustrated a clear device "warm-up" period, in which the dark-state colours of mixed polymer ECD kept improving until a balance was reached, presumably due to polymer and dopant rearrangements in the ionic liquid electrolyte environment.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Among these, the electrochromic 25 properties of π -conjugated polymers has attracted a broad range of attention due to their potential applications in self-dimming car mirrors 13,14 , electrochromic (EC) screens 15 and EC windows 16,17 for the aero or space industries. In general, electrochromism can be defined as the process of 30 switching the UV-vis absorption profile of a material with application of an electric field or passing of electronic charge [17][18][19] . Over the years, a number of EC materials, including metal oxides 20,21 , such as WO 3, and conducting polymers, [22][23][24] such as polyethylenedioxythiphene (PEDOT), have been reported and 35 reviewed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Colour tunable electrochromic devices based on PProDOT-(Hx)2 and PProDOT-(EtHx)2 polymers

et al. 2013

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The most commonly used method to tune the colour transition states of an ECD is to modify the chemical structure of the electrochromic polymers to achieve the desired transparent to dark state switching colours. However, this approach can present significant synthetic challenges that typically result in a compromise in device performance parameters such as contrast range or stability as well as solvent processability. In this study we have investigated tuning the dark-state colour of an ECD (at +0.8 V) by solution mixing poly (3,3-dihexyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine) (PProDOT-(Hx)2), which has an excellent contrast performance but with an esthetically undesirable purple colour transition, with poly(3,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno [3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine) (PProDOT-(EtHx)2), a material with a poorer contrast range but with more esthetic blue colour transition. The influence of mixtures of two cathodically colouring materials, PProDOT-(Hx)2 and PProDOT-(EtHx)2, on the spectroelectrochemistry and assembled ECDs was explored. Photopic contrast, electrochemical properties and the influence of the type of ionic liquid electrolyte employed in the device assembly were also investigated to determine how the dark-state colour of ECDs can be tuned while maintaining device contrast over 55%. The most common used method to tune the colour transition states of an ECD is to modify the chemical structure of the electrochromic polymers to achieve the desired transparent to dark state switching colours. However, this approach can present significant synthetic challenges that typically results in a compromise in device performance parameters such as contrast range or stability as well as solvent processability. In this study we have investigated tuning the dark -state colour of an ECD (at +0.8V) by 10 solution mixing poly (3, [1, 4]dioxepine) (PProDOT-(Hx) 2), which has an excellent contrast performance but with an esthetically undesirable purple colour transition, with poly (3,3 -bis (2 -ethylhexyl) -3, 4 -dihydro -2H -thieno [3, 4-b] [1, 4]dioxepine) (PProDOT-(EtHx) 2) , a material with a poorer contrast range but with more esthetic blue colour transition. The influence of mixtures of two cathodically colouring materials, PProDOT-(Hx) 2 and PProDOT-15 (EtHx) 2 on the spectroelectrochemistry and assembled ECDs were explored. Photopic contrast, electrochemical properties and the influence of the type of ionic liquid electrolyte employed in the device assembly were also investigated to determine how the dark-state colour of ECDs can be tuned while maintaining device contrast over 55%.

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“…[ 10 ] There has been signifi cant progress in the fi eld, which has resulted in functional materials designed to change transparency under external electrical, [11][12][13] thermal, [ 14 ] chemical, [ 15 ] and optical [ 16 ] stimuli. However, current commercially available devices are still too expensive and complex for mass production, [ 17 ] which highlights there is still a need for new mechanisms for tunable opacity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Soft Color Composites with Tunable Optical Transmittance

Jiménez

Kumar²,

Reis

2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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Color composites have also been identifi ed as a promising solution for smart windows, given their ability to modulate their optical properties on demand in order to reduce costs for heating, air-conditioning, and artifi cial lightning. [ 10 ] There has been signifi cant progress in the fi eld, which has resulted in functional materials designed to change transparency under external electrical, [11][12][13] thermal, [ 14 ] chemical, [ 15 ] and optical [ 16 ] stimuli. However, current commercially available devices are still too expensive and complex for mass production, [ 17 ] which highlights there is still a need for new mechanisms for tunable opacity. Recent efforts have turned to devices based on optically clear elastomers, particularly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). These studies include surface-texturing with nanopillars, [ 18,19 ] mechanically controlled voids, [ 20 ] magnetically controlled inclusions, [ 21,22 ] nucleation of voids around silica nanoparticles, [ 23 ] and paraffi n-PDMS composites. [ 24 ] Despite the advantages in the handling and manufacturing of a PDMS-based device, fabrication techniques based on a controlled architecture of the microstructure are still cumbersome and challenging to implement. Furthermore, the presence of rigid inclusions in an elastomer accelerates material degradation under cyclic loading [ 25 ] and can lead to failure through cavitation and subsequent rupture. [ 26 ] Here, we study a class of soft color composites whose light transmittance (the fraction of incident light that is transmitted through a material) can be actively tuned and controlled through mechanical actuation. Our design comprises thin sheets of PDMS, an optically clear silicone-based rubber, mixed with a colloidal suspension of black micron-sized dye particles that can make the samples opaque. Dyed PDMS has been used to design monolithic band pass fi lters [ 27,28 ] and waveguides [ 29 ] in microfl uidic devices. By exploiting the exceptional mechanical properties of PDMS, we show how reducing the thickness of our samples is an effective and versatile way to modulate their transmittance. We focus on thin sheets due to their simplicity for actuation, while obtaining homogeneous deformation. Nonetheless, this method could also be applied to bulk specimens since the underlying mechanism is independent of the geometry of the sample, and it is also independent of the specifi c method of actuation chosen for loading. A signifi cant advantage of our mechanism compared to existing designs is that it is simple, fully reversible, and that the speed at which transmittance can be tuned is only limited by the choice of A class of soft color composites whose light transmittance can be actively tuned and controlled through mechanical actuation is studied. The design comprises thin sheets of polydimethylsiloxane, an optically clear siliconebased rubber, that is mixed with a colloidal suspension of black micrometersized dye particles to provide tunable opacity to the specimens. The thickness of the samples can be redu...

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A Poly(3,4‐alkylenedioxythiophene) Electrochromic Variable Optical Attenuator with Near‐Infrared Reflectivity Tuned Independently of the Visible Region

Cited by 121 publications

References 32 publications

Measurement Protocols for Reporting PEDOT Thin Film Conductivity and Optical Transmission: A Critical Survey

Measurement Protocols for Reporting PEDOT Thin Film Conductivity and Optical Transmission: A Critical Survey

Colour tunable electrochromic devices based on PProDOT-(Hx)2 and PProDOT-(EtHx)2 polymers

Soft Color Composites with Tunable Optical Transmittance

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