A plant oil‐containing <scp>pH</scp> 4 emulsion improves epidermal barrier structure and enhances ceramide levels in aged skin

Blaak, Jürgen; Dähnhardt, Dorothee; Dähnhardt‐Pfeiffer, Stephan; Bielfeldt, S.; Wilhelm, Klaus‐Peter; Wohlfart, Rainer; Staib, Peter

doi:10.1111/ics.12374

Cited by 32 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…A non‐invasive skin sampling technique (Lipbarvis ® ; Microscopy Services Dähnhardt, Flintbek, Germany) was employed to determine SC lipid lamellae structure and lipid content, as previously described . Briefly, corneocytes were removed from the skin surface using the adhesive Lipbarvis and a special carrier.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were then prepared for analysis of intercellular lipid lamellae (ICLL) organization in the SC by transmission electron microscopy (TEM CM 10; FEI, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) . Lipids were extracted from the strips using n‐hexane and ethanol (95:5, v/v) . After removal of the carrier, samples were dried under nitrogen gas and subsequently resolved in a small amount of n‐hexane/ethanol (95:5, v/v).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Skin acidification with a water‐in‐oil emulsion (pH 4) restores disrupted epidermal barrier and improves structure of lipid lamellae in the elderly

Kilić

Masur

Reich

et al. 2019

The Journal of Dermatology

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The pH of the skin surface increases with age and thus reduces epidermal barrier function. Aged skin needs appropriate skin care to counterbalance age‐related pH increase and improve barrier function. This confirmatory randomized study investigated the efficacy of water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions with either pH 4 or pH 5.8 in 20 elderly subjects after 4 weeks of treatment. After the treatment, the skin was challenged with a sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution in order to analyze barrier protection properties of both formulations. The pH 4 w/o emulsion resulted in a significantly lower skin pH compared with the pH 5.8 w/o emulsion and an improved skin hydration after 4‐week treatment. Further, the pH 4 emulsion led to more pronounced improvements in length of intercellular lipid lamellae, lamellar organization as well as lipid levels than the pH 5.8 emulsion. Following SDS‐induced barrier damage to the skin, the pH of all test areas increased, but the area treated with the pH 4 emulsion showed the lowest increase compared with baseline. In addition, even after the SDS challenge the skin area treated with the pH 4 emulsion still maintained a significantly increased length of intercellular lipid lamellae compared with the beginning of the study. This study provides evidence that topical application of a w/o emulsion with pH 4 reacidifies the skin in elderly and has beneficial effects on skin moisturization, regeneration of lipid lamellae and lipid content. Application of a pH 4 emulsion can improve the epidermal barrier as well as the stratum corneum organization in aged skin.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin acidification with a water‐in‐oil emulsion (pH 4) restores disrupted epidermal barrier and improves structure of lipid lamellae in the elderly

Kilić

Masur

Reich

et al. 2019

The Journal of Dermatology

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“…Skin care products adjusted to pH 4 have been used successfully in acne skin . These products improve the physiological microbial flora, skin barrier and lipid lamellae structure, reduce skin dryness and have been described to be more favorable compared with formulations with a pH of 5.8–6.0 . Newborn and aged skin exhibit an increased SC pH, too.…”

Section: Reducing Skin Ph As a Therapeutic Tool In Wound Healing Skimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Daily use of moisturizers on newborns and infants with an impaired skin barrier and increased SC pH is helpful in preventing the atopic march . A glycolic acid‐containing moisturizer with pH 4 reduces the SC pH in healthy, elderly and diabetic subjects, possibly by influencing cathepsin D‐like and chymotrypsin‐like proteinases …”

Section: Reducing Skin Ph As a Therapeutic Tool In Wound Healing Skimentioning

confidence: 99%

pH in nature, humans and skin

Proksch

2018

The Journal of Dermatology

385

273

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The pH plays an important physiological role in nature and humans. pH varies from 1 to 8 in human organs with tight regulation in blood and epithelia of barrier organs. The physiological pH of the stratum corneum is 4.1-5.8 and several mechanisms contribute to its formation: filaggrin degradation, fatty acid content, sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE1) activation and melanosome release. First, the acidic pH of the stratum corneum was considered to present an antimicrobial barrier preventing colonization (e.g. by Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia). Later on, it was found that the pH influences skin barrier function, lipid synthesis and aggregation, epidermal differentiation and desquamation. Enzymes of ceramide metabolism (e.g. β-glucocerebrosidase or acid sphingomyelinase) as well as proteases (e.g. chymotryptic enzyme or cathepsin D linked to epidermal differentiation and desquamation) are regulated by the pH. Experimental disruption of the physical barrier leads to an increase of pH, returning to normal levels only after many hours. Inflammatory skin diseases and diseases with an involvement of the epidermis exhibit a disturbed skin barrier and an increased pH. This is known for atopic dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, ichthyosis, rosacea and acne, but also for aged and dry skin. Normalizing the pH by acidification through topical treatment helps to establish a physiological microbiota, to repair skin barrier, to induce epidermal differentiation and to reduce inflammation.

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“…More research addressing this topic may help affected patients and promote changes in skin hygiene and skin care behavior. For the elderly, who are also known to have elevated pH ss values and often suffer from dry skin, acidic toiletries have already been recommended in the past [15,19,21,22,33]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of a pH 5 Oil-in-Water Emulsion on Skin Surface pH

Fürtjes

Weiß

Filbry

et al. 2017

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Human skin surface has a physiologically acidic pH (pH_ss). In cases of increased pH_ss, the acidity of the skin can be restored by topical formulations. We tested a pH 5 oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for pH_ss regeneration and stabilization. Methods: We performed 2 experiments with 10 female study subjects in each. In both experiments, 2D imaging with luminescent sensor foils was used to determine pH_ss. Alkalization was reached by washing the volar forearm with a soap bar and warm running tap water for 20 min. Experiment 1: after defining the baseline pH_ss, we alkalized the respective area and measured pH_ss over a duration of 5 h, while applying emulsion every hour. Experiment 2: study subjects used the emulsion twice daily for 1 week. Then, pH_ss was measured before and after 5 min of washing a treated and an untreated area on the volar forearm. Results: (1) 5 h after alkalization, the treated arm showed a significantly lower pH_ss than the untreated one (5.87 ± 0.03 vs. 6.05 ± 0.03); (2) after washing, the treated area had a significantly lower pH_ss than controls (6.13 ± 0.03 vs. 6.27 ± 0.05). Conclusions: The tested pH 5 O/W emulsion seems to improve regeneration and stabilization of pH_ss.

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A plant oil‐containing pH 4 emulsion improves epidermal barrier structure and enhances ceramide levels in aged skin

Abstract: In summary, topical application of a pH 4.0 product containing plant oils improves epidermal barrier formation and SC lipid ordering and ratio in aged dry skin.

Cited by 32 publications

References 51 publications

Skin acidification with a water‐in‐oil emulsion (pH 4) restores disrupted epidermal barrier and improves structure of lipid lamellae in the elderly

Skin acidification with a water‐in‐oil emulsion (pH 4) restores disrupted epidermal barrier and improves structure of lipid lamellae in the elderly

pH in nature, humans and skin

Impact of a pH 5 Oil-in-Water Emulsion on Skin Surface pH

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