A plant-based extract mixture for controlling Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Background: Spodoptera litura larvae are polyphagous insects that have become a significant pest in recent years. The spread of this pest has led to the continuous usage of insecticides on crops. Some plant extracts have been used as a mixture to control insect pests and improve productivity. Methods: A plant-based mixture was mixed at a ratio of 1:1 v/v to demonstrate the effect on contact toxicity, feeding (no-choice test), and enzyme activities on S. litura. The active compounds of P. retrofractum and A. calamus were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). Results: Our results showed that binary mixtures from P. retrofractum and A. calamus exhibit the highest contact toxicity and antifeedant activity at a 1:1 ratio of LD 30 :LD 10 dose (3.213 µg/larva P. retrofractum + 3.294 µg/larva A. calamus). The main active ingredient from each crude extract was (2E,4E,14Z)-N-isobutylicosa-2,4,14-trienamide from P. retrofractum, and beta-asarone and alpha-asarone from A. calamus. Additionally, A. calamus seems to be the synergistic compound. Some compound mixtures increased the glutathione-S-transferase activities in vivo; whereas, almost no significant differences in esterase activities were noted. Conclusion: The results indicated that the ethanolic crude extracts of P. retrofractum and A. calamus mixtures could be used as the pesticidal compound and to develop a binary mixture formulation for controlling lepidopteran pests. However, the toxicity of this mixture to mammals needed to be explored before commercial development.

Synthesis of thymyl esters and their insecticidal activity against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…However, this issue has been a great concern because of the toxicity of the insecticide residues to humans, nontarget animals and the environment. These effects have encouraged research efforts toward the use of botanical insecticides for insect management . However, these compounds may not be useful in the long term, as some insects have developed resistance to various insecticides in many agricultural sectors .…”

“…These effects have encouraged research efforts toward the use of botanical insecticides for insect management. 4 However, these compounds may not be useful in the long term, as some insects have developed resistance to various insecticides in many agricultural sectors. 5 An alternative approach is to modify the chemical structure of bioactive natural compounds that are more environmentally friendly than synthetic insecticides.…”

The Potency of Ageratum Conyzoides as Biopesticide

“…Secondary metabolites such as furanocoumarins (in particular, the major substance imperatorin) are compounds that toxic for S. litura larvae, caused by inhibition of their growth. This larval growth inhibition could be caused not only by the antifeedant effect, but also by possible histological changes in the alimentary canal of the insect [18,19].…”

“…For example, study by Yooboon and his colleagues that study about A plant-based extract mixture for controlling S. litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Based on those studies, it was found that the ethanolic crude extracts of P. retrofractum and A. calamus mixtures could be used as the pesticidal compound and to develop a binary mixture formulation for controlling lepidopteran pests [18]. Pavela [20] observed the effect methanol extracts from 134 plants in inducing mortality of instar 4 S. litura larvae.…”

Insecticidal activity of the extracts of Piper retrofractum fruit and Tephrosia vogelii leaf and their mixtures against Crocidolomia pavonana

“…Javanese long pepper (JLP) Piper retrofractum Vahl (Piperaceae), a source of spices and herbal medicines, is a potential source of botanical insecticides that has long been cultivated in Java, Indonesia (Heyne, 1987;Utami & Jansen, 1999). JLP fruit extracts have been reported to possess strong insecticidal activity against various insect pests including European earwigs Forficula auricularia (Assabgui et al, 1997), cabbage head caterpillar Crocidolomia pavonana (Prijono et al, 2006;Nurfajrina & Prijono, 2015), green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Hasnah & Rusdy, 2015), tropical armyworm Spodoptera litura (Yooboon et al, 2019), papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Asnan et al, 2015), tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii (Indriati et al, 2015), and rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Nuryanti et al, 2018).…”