A pilot study to assess frequency of carriage and routes of acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus by healthy infants

Gries, Delores M.; Zemzars, Tamatha F.; Gibson, Katy A.; O'Hern, Elisa; Iyer, Meera; Myers, Mary; Pultz, Michael J.; Li, Yuejin; Donskey, Curtis J.

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2008.12.003

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…At 6 months of age, the average fecal carriage rate was 64%, thereafter it decreased to approximately 46% at 1 year of life. A longitudinal investigation of fecal MRSA carriage rates from healthy participants from the USA showed an increase in fecal MRSA carriage from 0 to 9% during the first 2 weeks of life (Gries et al, 2009 ). The highest MRSA fecal carriage rate (23%) reported was from Spanish infants screened at ≤1 year of life (Benito et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital and Community Setting: A Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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Background and rationale: Staphylococcus aureus fecal carriage has been identified as a potential source for nosocomial transmission and a risk factor for disease development. This systematic review determined the overall S. aureus [including methicillin susceptible and resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA)] fecal carriage rates within the community and healthcare settings.Methodology: Peer-reviewed articles indexed in Medline, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, and Web of Science were identified using applicable and controlled vocabulary through to 11 November 2015. Eligible studies were ascertained by three independent reviewers. Random-effects meta-analyses of proportions were performed to determine S. aureus, MSSA and MRSA fecal carriage rates reported by eligible studies.Results: Twenty six studies were included in this review. The pooled estimates for S. aureus, MSSA and MRSA fecal carriage were 26% (95% confidence interval (CI): 16.8–36.3%), 86% (95% confidence interval (CI): 65.9–97.9%) and 10% (95% CI: 0.7–27.0%), respectively. Fecal S. aureus carriage rates increased on average from 10 to 65% during the first 8 weeks of life, followed by an average carriage rate of 64% at 6 months and 46% at 1 year of life. Genotyping techniques were employed mainly in studies conducted in developed countries and comprised largely of gel-based techniques. Six studies reported on the role of S. aureus fecal strains in diarrhea (n = 2) and the risk for acquiring infections (n = 4). Eight of the 26 studies included in this review performed antibiotic susceptibility testing of S. aureus fecal isolates.Conclusion: This study provides evidence that screening for S. aureus fecal carriage, at least in populations at high risk, could be an effective measure for the prevention of S. aureus transmission and infection in the healthcare and community setting. More well-structured studies need to be conducted and sequence-based genotyping techniques should be employed for the comparison of isolates on a global scale in both developing and developed countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital and Community Setting: A Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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“…7,19 In our study, the mother was not nasally colonized, which prevents us from suggesting that the direction of the transmission was from the mother to the child. Since clone C was endemic in the NICU and S. aureus nasal colonization frequently occurs soon after birth, 25,28 the infant might have been first colonized, developing the infection later from an endogenous source and subsequently colonized the mother's nipples that became a reservoir for the infection strain. Evaluation of the nasal carriage among the infants could have provided insights on the possible endogenous transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Introduction N osocomial infection rates in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) increased over the past decade, reaching 25.5% in premature and very-low-birth-weight neonates. [10][11][12]29 This group is particularly susceptible to infections due to their immature immune system, which is reflected in the high rates of mortality and morbidity, and in a significant increase in the length of hospital stay and associated costs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Staphylococcus aureusReservoirs and Transmission Routes in a Portuguese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A 30-Month Surveillance Study

Conceição

Aires-de-Sousa²,

Miragaia³

et al. 2012

Microbial Drug Resistance

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Although Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), there are no studies on the epidemiology of S. aureus isolates responsible for infection in Portuguese NICUs. Between July 2005 and December 2007, a total of 54 methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were recovered from 16 infected infants, parents, health care workers (HCWs), and the environment in a level III NICU. Isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing. Virulence determinants were detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Three major MSSA clones were endemic in the NICU, representing 70% (n = 38) of the isolates: PFGE type A-ST5 (n = 17); type B-ST30 (n = 12); and type C-ST1 (n = 9). Leukotoxins and hemolysins were present in all isolates, although none of them carried PVL. HCWs, plastic folders protecting clinical files, and mothers' nipples were identified as potential reservoirs and/or vehicles of dissemination of S. aureus. Consequently, additional infection control measures were implemented in this NICU.

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“…Broth enrichment culture was not used. Two of these infants carried MRSA, but there was no MRSA nasal carriage among their parents (19). Thus, MRSA colonization in infants can arise from many sources in the community, and, at least most of the time, it is not likely to be derived from maternal rectovaginal colonization at birth.…”

Section: Maternal and Infant Mrsa Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Epidemiology and Treatment of MRSA Infections in Children

David

Daum

2013

Curr Pediatr Rep

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In 2000-10 the epidemiology of pediatric MRSA infections in the United States was transformed with an epidemic of CA-MRSA infections. We review the epidemiology of MRSA in the community and in the health care setting, including intensive care units, among infants and CF patients, and in households as well as the impact that the CA-MRSA epidemic has had on hospitalization with MRSA infections. Risk factors for carriage, transmission, and initial and recurrent infection with MRSA are discussed. New studies on the treatment of pediatric MRSA infections and on the efficacy of MRSA decolonization are reviewed.

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A pilot study to assess frequency of carriage and routes of acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus by healthy infants

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Fecal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital and Community Setting: A Systematic Review

Fecal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital and Community Setting: A Systematic Review

Staphylococcus aureusReservoirs and Transmission Routes in a Portuguese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A 30-Month Surveillance Study

Update on Epidemiology and Treatment of MRSA Infections in Children

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