A Physical-Chemical Study of the Interference of Ceftriaxone Antibiotic with Copper Chloride Salt

Abstract

The nano-CuCl2.2H2O salt was prepared by the ball milling method. The association parameters for bulk and nano-CuCl2 salts in H2O are estimated at different temperatures using the conductivity method by applying the Fuoss–Shedlovsky equation and it was higher for nano-CuCl2 than bulk CuCl2 salt. The interaction between the cation (Cu2+) and ligand (ceftriaxone) in H2O was determined also by the conductometric method. Two stoichiometric complexes 1/2 and 1/1 (M/L) are estimated and follow the order Kf (1/1) > Kf (1 : 2) and ∆Gf (1/1) > ∆Gf (1/2) for (M : L) (in negative values) indicate the favorable of formation of (1/1) complex compared to the (1 : 2) complex. The Gibbs free energies change was increased in negative signs with increasing the temperature. The antimicrobial activities of CFT, bulk Cu-CFT complex, and nano-Cu-CFT complex were studied on LB agar by the disc diffusion technique against clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Fungi (Candida albicans). It was observed that (CFT) has a higher zone of inhibition and antibacterial activity than that of bulk and nano-Cu-CFT complexes in Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria). The nano-Cu-CFT complex showed a higher clear zone of inhibition and antifungal activity against candida than bulk Cu-CFT complex while the absence of the inhibition zone in CFT, so nano-Cu-CFT complex, can be used as an antifungal drug.

Fabrication of Ceftriaxone-Loaded Cellulose Acetate and Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers and Their Antibacterial Evaluation

“…As shown in Figure 2a, the FTIR spectra of PVA nanofibers and ceftriaxone-loaded PVA nanofibers showed major peaks at 3310, 2935, 1720, and 1084 cm −1 , which corresponded to OH stretching, C-H stretch vibrations, C=O carbonyl stretching, and C-O-H stretching, respectively, in the PVA polymer [30]. After loading the ceftriaxone drug, a new peak was observed at 1603 cm −1 , which corresponded to C=C stretching in the ceftriaxone drug [26,27,31]. The FTIR spectra of CA nanofibers (shown in Figure 2b) showed absorption peaks at 1736, 1372, and 1224 cm −1 , indicating the presence of C=O, C-CH 3 , and C-O-C groups, respectively [32].…”

“…The XRD spectra of pure PVA nanofibers, shown in Figure 3a, showed a typical broad peak at 20.1 that is generally associated with the amorphous structure of PVA and two small peaks at 27.3 and 30.1, indicating the crystallinity of the nanofibers [30]. After loading the ceftriaxone drug, the composite nanofibers showed similar spectra with enhanced peak intensities that indicated the crystalline nature of the drug in the nanofibers [26,33].Figure 3b shows the XRD spectra of pure CA and CA/CEF nanofibers; the spectra of CA nanofibers showed a broad peak at 10 that indicated the amorphous polymeric nature of CA nanofibers [32,34]. The ceftriaxone-loaded CA nanofibers (CA/CEF) showed the same peak at 10 along with characteristic peaks at 26.9 and 29.8, which corresponded to the regular crystalline nature of the ceftriaxone drug in the nanofibers [26,33].…”

“…Ceftriaxone is a commonly used, third-generation active antibiotic agent against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and it has been reported with various materials such as zinc oxide, silver nanoparticles, copper salt, and chitosan nanoparticles [23][24][25][26][27]. However, the application of ceftriaxone in nanofibers has only been reported in PVA nanofibers [28].…”

Fabrication of highly stretchable salt and solvent blended PEDOT:PSS/PVA free-standing films: non-linear to linear electrical conduction response

“…54–57 For DO-Cu film, diffraction peaks are observed at 44.3° ( d = 2.04 Å) and 50.0° ( d = 1.82 Å) due to the reflection planes of (111) and (200) respectively of cubic phase of fcc structure of copper, and owing to the agglomerations formed by copper chloride, some other XRD peaks are also visible. 58–63 Similarly, for DO-In film, XRD peaks become evident at 33.2° ( d = 2.70 Å), 36.9° ( d = 2.43 Å), 38.1° ( d = 2.36 Å) and 55.8° ( d = 1.65 Å) from the reflection planes of (101), (002), (110) and (200) respectively of indium, and some other peaks are also evolved which are attributed to the agglomerations of indium chloride salt. 64–67 Salt agglomerated XRD peak positions and the corresponding inter-planar spacings are displayed in Table S1 (ESI†).…”

Study of blood-ocular barrier permeability by Fluoroquinolone group drugs

“…The main contraindications are pregnancy and lactation. The use of fluoroquinolones in children under 12 years of age is possible only for vital indications [19]. In addition, fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in the presence of allergic reactions in the anamnesis [20].…”