A pharmacological and biochemical examination of the geographical variation of Chironex fleckeri venom

Winter, Kelly Lee; Isbister, Geoffrey K.; McGowan, Sheena; Konstantakopoulos, Nicki; Seymour, Jamie; Hodgson, Wayne Clarence

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.019

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…An SDS-PAGE profile can be used to assess differences in the composition of the venom, along with measurement of biological activity. In jellyfish, the collection location, the time of collection, the maturity of the specimen collected, and the tissue origin (bell or tentacle) can also lead to differences in venom composition (Radwan et al, 2001;Winter et al, 2010;Helmholz et al, 2010;Underwood and Seymour, 2007;Avila Soria, 2009). Different types of nematocysts can also have different activities or toxic potentials, in accordance with the multiple physiological roles of those organelles.…”

Section: Potential Origins Of Variation In Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive toxins from stinging jellyfish

Badré

2014

Toxicon

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Section: Potential Origins Of Variation In Experimental Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive toxins from stinging jellyfish

Badré

2014

Toxicon

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“…Previous studies have shown that animal venom composition is associated to season, habitat, prey type, inter-and intra-species including geographical variation [16,17]. These variations can be clinically significant as they can produce different outcomes following envenoming e.g., differences in cytotoxicity and cardiovascular effects [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These variations can be clinically significant as they can produce different outcomes following envenoming e.g., differences in cytotoxicity and cardiovascular effects [17]. In the present study, the protein band profiles of Malayan krait venoms from Northeastern and Southern Thailand were determined using SDS–PAGE analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pharmacological Examination of the Cardiovascular Effects of Malayan Krait (Bungarus candidus) Venoms

Chaisakul

Rusmili

Hodgson

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Cardiovascular effects (e.g., tachycardia, hypo- and/or hypertension) are often clinical outcomes of snake envenoming. Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) envenoming has been reported to cause cardiovascular effects that may be related to abnormalities in parasympathetic activity. However, the exact mechanism for this effect has yet to be determined. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro cardiovascular effects of B. candidus venoms from Southern (BC-S) and Northeastern (BC-NE) Thailand. SDS-PAGE analysis of venoms showed some differences in the protein profile of the venoms. B. candidus venoms (50 µg/kg–100 µg/kg, i.v.) caused dose-dependent hypotension in anaesthetised rats. The highest dose caused sudden hypotension (phase I) followed by a return of mean arterial pressure to baseline levels and a decrease in heart rate with transient hypertension (phase II) prior to a small decrease in blood pressure (phase III). Prior administration of monovalent antivenom significantly attenuated the hypotension induced by venoms (100 µg/kg, i.v.). The sudden hypotensive effect of BC-NE venom was abolished by prior administration of hexamethonium (10 mg/kg, i.v.) or atropine (5 mg/kg, i.v.). BC-S and BC-NE venoms (0.1 µg/kg–100 µg/mL) induced concentration-dependent relaxation (EC50 = 8 ± 1 and 13 ± 3 µg/mL, respectively) in endothelium-intact aorta. The concentration–response curves were markedly shifted to the right by pre-incubation with L-NAME (0.2 mM), or removal of the endothelium, suggesting that endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is likely to be responsible for venom-induced aortic relaxation. Our data indicate that the cardiovascular effects caused by B. candidus venoms may be due to a combination of vascular mediators (i.e., NO) and autonomic adaptation via nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

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“…Further, the geographic location is now known to also affect the toxicity of the venom [18]. Consequently, the age and collection location of the specimens used to obtain the venom to raise the antibodies may affect the potency of the antivenom.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose and time dependence of box jellyfish antivenom

Andreosso

Smout

Seymour

2014

J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis

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BackgroundThe effectiveness of the currently available box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri) antivenom has been subject of debate for many years. To assess whether the box jellyfish antivenom has the ability to attenuate venom-induced damage at cellular level, the present study analyzed the dose and time dependence of the antivenom in a cell-based assay.MethodsDifferent doses of antivenom were added to venom and subsequently administered to cells and the cell index was measured using xCelligence Technology (ACEA Biosciences). Similarly, antivenom and venom were incubated over different time periods and cell survival measured as stated above. For both experiments, the cell index was plotted as a measure of cell survival against the dose or incubation time and significance was determined with the use of a one-way ANOVA with a LSD post hoc test.ResultsIncreasing concentrations of antivenom significantly augmented cell survival, with a concentration of approximately five times the currently recommended dose for human envenomation, causing the first significant increase in cell survival compared venom alone. Further, cell survival improved with increasing incubation time of venom and antivenom prior to addition to the cells, indicating that box jellyfish antivenom requires approximately 70 minutes to neutralize C. fleckeri venom.ConclusionThe presented results suggest that the currently recommended dose of antivenom requires adjustment, and more importantly, a human trial to test the effects of higher concentrations is also necessary. Further, antivenom has delayed neutralizing effects (i.e. after 70 minutes) which underlines the eminence of immediate and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation in victims suffering from a C. fleckeri venom-induced cardiovascular collapse.

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A pharmacological and biochemical examination of the geographical variation of Chironex fleckeri venom

Cited by 35 publications

References 18 publications

Bioactive toxins from stinging jellyfish

Bioactive toxins from stinging jellyfish

A Pharmacological Examination of the Cardiovascular Effects of Malayan Krait (Bungarus candidus) Venoms

Dose and time dependence of box jellyfish antivenom

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