“…This, combined with an increasingly "crowded curriculum", dominated by literacy and numeracy concerns, driven by external testing (Kenny, 2009;Kenny & Colvill, 2008), leads many primary teachers to avoid teaching science or to adapt inappropriate teaching strategies from other disciplines to compensate for a lack of science pedagogical content knowledge (Appleton, 2003). In addition, as universities have had little control over what PSTs teach while on practicum, PSTs report they have few opportunities to teach science or observe it being taught during their normal teaching practicum (Kenny, 2010).…”