“…Why did pacifism and nonviolence not gain more popularity during the 'long peace' that followed the Second World War? (Boggs and Pollard, 2017;Chae, 2023;Christoyannopoulos, 2021;Der Derian, 2009;Galtung, 1990;Juluri, 2005;Martin and Steuter, 2010;Pollard, 2002;Sylvester, 2009;Weber, 2006) Ten, there is scope to assess the potential for not only nonviolent resistance but also nonviolent policies of governance (such as in public-order maintenance, policing, crime-management, and counter-terrorism), nonviolent practices of protection (such as unarmed civilian protection and zones of peace), and practical proposals away from institutions that rely on violence (such as 'trans-armament' , demilitarisation, and nonviolent civilian-based defence). How effective are such nonviolent policies, and what is the evidence from case studies?…”