A Nyquist rate pixel level ADC for CMOS image sensors

Overview of CMOS image sensor use in molecular diagnostics

“…Nowadays, CMOS technology plays a considerable role in biosensing applications due to their transducer implementation, reduced power consumption, high signal-to-noise ratio, camera-on-chip integration, miniaturization, user-friendliness, and availability in mobile phone cameras [8]. In that respect, integration of CMOS sensors with bioanalytical techniques has resulted in the formation of highly sensitive bioanalytical sensors used in optical bioimagery [9], digital monitoring [10], nanoscopy [11], and fluorescence microscopy [12,13] as well as electrochemical sensors of ISFET [14] and BioFET [15], conduction or impedance sensors [16,17], and MOSFET sensors [18]. Among its several applications, CMOS sensor-based molecular diagnostics have received great attention due to its extraordinary sensitivity, specificity, and label-free detection [19].…”

Pixel-level ADC by small charge quantum counting

“…A 1st order ∆Σ approach with multiplexed pixels [2] shows a 7-bit resolution but requires off-chip decimation filtering. The MultiChannel bit-Serial (MCBS) technique [3], which associates the single-slope ADC concept with the Gray-code quantization, is very efficient for small pixels, but the resolution obtained is of 8 bits only. With separate MSB and LSB conversions [4], a 12-bit resolution is reached but linearity is affected.…”

High speed column-parallel CDS/ADC circuit with nonlinearity compensation for CMOS image sensors

“…CIS is composed of pixel array and readout circuit including correlated double sampling (CDS) and analog-to-digital converter(ADC). A/D conversion in CIS can be performed at the chip, column, or pixel level [3][4][5] . The column-parallel ADC structure is dominant in portable products because it has a good compromise among frame rate, ADC resolution, power consumption, and extendibility.…”