A numerical simulation of woven/anionic polyamide 6 composite part manufacturing using structural reactive injection moulding process

García-Manrique, JA; Hoto, Rene; Gascón, Ll.; Andrés, Javier

doi:10.1177/0892705714530746

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Both temperature ( T ) and monomer conversion ( α ) had effects on the viscosity of reaction materials ( μ ). This can be described using the following equation [25]:μfalse(T,αfalse(T,tfalse)false)=2.7×10−7⋅expfalse(3525T+17.5⋅αfalse)…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic Reaction Injection Pultrusion for Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide-6 Composites

et al. 2019

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In this paper, glass fiber-reinforced polyamide-6 (PA-6) composites with up to 70 wt% fiber contents were successfully manufactured using a pultrusion process, utilizing the anionic polymerization of caprolactam (a monomer of PA-6). A novel thermoplastic reaction injection pultrusion test line was developed with a specifically designed injection chamber to achieve complete impregnation of fiber bundles and high speed pultrusion. Process parameters like temperature of injection chamber, temperature of pultrusion die, and pultrusion speed were studied and optimized. The effects of die temperature on the crystallinity, melting point, and mechanical properties of the pultruded composites were also evaluated. The pultruded composites exhibited the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus, reaching 1061 MPa and 38,384 MPa, respectively. Then, effects of fiber contents on the density, heat distortion temperature, and mechanical properties of the composites were analyzed. The scanning electron microscope analysis showed the great interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix at 180 °C, which greatly improved the mechanical properties of the composites. The thermoplastic reaction injection pultrusion in this paper provided an alternative for the preparation of thermoplastic composites with high fiber content.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic Reaction Injection Pultrusion for Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide-6 Composites

et al. 2019

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“…MoldFlow TM and PAM-RTM TM can simulate thermoset curing based on the Kamal-Sourour model and take into account viscosity changes. Additionally, most commercial simulators have the ability to call external user-written subroutines [99], thus allowing the use of the desired polymerization, crystallization and rheokinetic models. There is also free computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software, OpenFOAM TM (ESI Group TM ), which is able to simulate complex fluid flows involving chemical reactions, turbulence, and heat transfer.…”

Section: Simulation Of the T-rtm Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few recent studies focus on coupling thermo-chemo-mechanical simulations with the flow simulation of reactive thermoset [100,101,102,103,104] and thermoplastic [99,105,106] RTM processes. Imbert et al [102,103] modeled the RTM process considering the thermo-chemo-mechanical aspects in the flow of reactive thermoset resin mixed on-line in a dual-scale porous medium.…”

Section: Simulation Of the T-rtm Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Thermoplastic Resin Transfer Molding: Process Modeling and Simulation

2019

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The production and consumption of polymer composites has grown continuously through recent decades and has topped 10 Mt/year. Until very recently, polymer composites almost exclusively had non-recyclable thermoset matrices. The growing amount of plastic, however, inevitably raises the issue of recycling and reuse. Therefore, recyclability has become of paramount importance in the composites industry. As a result, thermoplastics are coming to the forefront. Despite all their advantages, thermoplastics are difficult to use as the matrix of high-performance composites because their high viscosity complicates the impregnation process. A solution could be reactive thermoplastics, such as PA-6, which is synthesized from the ε-caprolactam (ε-CL) monomer via anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP). One of the fastest techniques to process PA-6 into advanced composites is thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM). Although nowadays T-RTM is close to commercial application, its optimization and control need further research and development, mainly assisted by modeling. This review summarizes recent progress in the modeling of the different aspects of the AROP of ε-CL. It covers the mathematical modeling of reaction kinetics, pressure-volume-temperature behavior, as well as simulation tools and approaches. Based on the research results so far, this review presents the current trends and could even plot the course for future research.

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“…6,7 The continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites can be prepared by the RTM process through the in situ polymerization of thermoplastic monomers or prepolymers with low molecular weight, low melt viscosity and high fluidity. [7][8][9][10][11][12] It has been reported that the continuous GF/PA6 composite can be prepared by the RTM process with caprolactam monomer, which has excellent mechanical properties. [9][10][11] However, PA6 resin exhibits low oxygen index and is easy to cause fire hazards if it has not been tailored with a flame retardant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of continuous glass fiber/polyamide 6 composites containing hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy

Yan

Liu

et al. 2021

Polymer Composites

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The halogen-free flame-retardant continuous glass fiber/polyamide 6 (GF/PA6) composites containing hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) were prepared by the resin transfer molding (RTM) process. The influence of HPCTP content on mechanical properties of GF/PA6 composites was studied. The addition of HPCTP has no obvious effect on the tensile properties of composites, and the tensile strength of GF/PA6 composites with the addition of 30% HPCTP reaches 425.2 MPa. However, with the addition of HPCTP, the flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of GF/PA6/30%HPCTP composites decrease to 246.4 and 20.9 MPa, respectively. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, and burning behavior of the composites were evaluated by means of limited oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter. The results show that the LOI value of GF/PA6 composites can reach up to 30.9% corresponding to the grade of UL-94V-0 with the addition of 30% HPCTP. The flame retardancy mechanism of GF/PA6/30%HPCTP composites is attributed to the combined effects of releasing incombustible gases in gas phase at the early stage and forming char layers in the condensed phase, which can dilute the concentration of combustible gas and retard the mass and heat transfer.

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A numerical simulation of woven/anionic polyamide 6 composite part manufacturing using structural reactive injection moulding process

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Thermoplastic Reaction Injection Pultrusion for Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide-6 Composites

Thermoplastic Reaction Injection Pultrusion for Continuous Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide-6 Composites

A Review of Thermoplastic Resin Transfer Molding: Process Modeling and Simulation

Preparation of continuous glass fiber/polyamide 6 composites containing hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene: Mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy

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