“…1. The proposed antenna covers multiple bands, including UWB, whereas other antennas reported in the literature [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] operate on a single wideband frequency. 2.…”
Section: On-car Scenariomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2. The proposed antenna requires less space than the antenna configurations reported in [39][40][41][42][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. 3.…”
A quad-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) performance is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna consists of four orthogonally arranged microstrip line-fed hexagonal monopole radiators and a modified ground plane. In addition, E-shaped and G-shaped stubs are added to the radiator to achieve additional resonances at 1.5 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The reliability of the antenna in the automotive environment is investigated, with housing effects taken into account. The housing effects show that the antenna performs consistently even in the presence of a large metal object. The proposed MIMO antenna has potential for various automotive applications, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), intelligent transport system (ITS), automatic vehicle identifier, and RFID-based electronic toll collection.
“…1. The proposed antenna covers multiple bands, including UWB, whereas other antennas reported in the literature [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] operate on a single wideband frequency. 2.…”
Section: On-car Scenariomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2. The proposed antenna requires less space than the antenna configurations reported in [39][40][41][42][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. 3.…”
A quad-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) performance is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna consists of four orthogonally arranged microstrip line-fed hexagonal monopole radiators and a modified ground plane. In addition, E-shaped and G-shaped stubs are added to the radiator to achieve additional resonances at 1.5 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The reliability of the antenna in the automotive environment is investigated, with housing effects taken into account. The housing effects show that the antenna performs consistently even in the presence of a large metal object. The proposed MIMO antenna has potential for various automotive applications, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), intelligent transport system (ITS), automatic vehicle identifier, and RFID-based electronic toll collection.
“…However, in MIMO systems, antenna performance can suffer due to interference caused by the proximity of antenna elements. To address this issue, different isolation methods [ [6] , [7] , [8] ] are employed, including strategies like element decoupling [ [9] , [10] , [11] ], neutralization lines [ 12 ], stubs [ [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] ], defective ground structures (DGS) [ [17] , [18] , [19] ], polarization [ 20 ], electromagnetic band gap (EBG) [ 15 , 21 , 22 ], metamaterials [ 23 , 24 ], techniques, and so on. Manipulating the interaction between antennas involves altering or reducing the flow of surface currents to decrease interference or signal overlap [ 25 , 26 ].…”
“…MIMO technology is solving the multi‐path fading and increasing the system's channel capacity without using the additional spectrum and power. Furthermore, UWB MIMO, 3‐6 UWB antenna with band notch characteristics, 7‐10 Re‐configurable CR antenna, 11‐16 and integrated CR antennas 17‐19 have been reported in the literature. Most of the reported designs in the literature for CR applications use independent 17‐19 and re‐configurable UWB / NB antennas for detection and communication 11‐16 .…”
This article introduces an integrated polarization divesity cognitive radio (CR) and Ultrawide Band (UWB) Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna systems for CR wireless sensor networks (CR‐WSN) and short‐range HD video transmission applications. This proposed integrated antenna system's main purpose is to overcome the impediments of frequency re‐configurable UWB/Narrow Band (NB) antenna system. The proposed integrated system consists of two antenna systems: the CR antenna and the UWB MIMO antenna system. The first part of the integrated antenna system is the CR antenna that comprises vertical and horizontal oriented UWB antennas to sense the spectrum and four NB antennas for communication purposes. The second part of the integrated antenna system is a 2 × 2 MIMO antenna that comprises a veritical and horizontal oriented UWB antenna with notch characteristics for MIMO applications. High isolation is achieved without using a decoupling structure by placing radiators in the horizontal and vertical planes. The proposed integrated 3D antenna system is designed with a compact size of 50 × 50 mm2. The antenna's essential parameters, such as the reflection coefficient, mutual coupling, peak gain, the radiation pattern, and radiation efficiency, are analyzed to evaluate the antenna's performance. The proposed integrated antenna system is suitable for off‐device applications in industries or Laboratories. The real‐time implementation of CR‐WSN and short‐range wireless HD video transmission applications are demonstrated using National Instruments (NI) Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and CC2538 kit.
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