A novel salt separator for the supercritical water gasification of biomass

Investigating active phase loss from supported ruthenium catalysts during supercritical water gasification

“…Both were equipped with a salt separator before the catalytic reactor to extract most of the minerals from the sewage sludge. 54 A commercial sulphur absorbing material (Johnson Matthey) was also used upstream of the catalyst bed to prevent catalyst poisoning. 55 One setup is referred to as an intermediate setup (30 g S-absorber, 50 g catalyst) and the other one as Konti-C (280 g S-absorber, 550 g catalyst).…”

Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin

“…Several research groups have taken advantage of the low salt solubility to extract salts from a main stream, using, for instance, continuous filtration [89], semi-continuous salt trap [75,82,84], or continuous extraction [77,[90][91][92]. At the Paul Scherrer Institute, a salt separator has been designed to continuously separate and extract the dense salt-rich liquid formed under supercritical conditions [77,90,91]. This salt separator consists of a vertical pressure vessel heated up through a temperature gradient and equipped with a tube at its bottom via which the preheated feed is injected.…”

Supercritical water gasification of Kraft black liquor: Process design, analysis, pulp mill integration and economic evaluation

“…The Vogel et al team at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) devised a three-stage SCW reactor system to valorize separated inorganics as an enriched by-product brine [ 41 ]. The experimental setup includes an intermediate step (independent from the catalytic reaction regime in their case) around the pseudo critical conditions of the aqueous mixture [ [42][43][44][45]. The PSI separator unit, similar to the MODAR reactor, utilizes the variation in water solvency to extract solids via gravity-induced precipitation in the moredense subcritical phase.…”

“…However, knowledge on the partitioning of each is also of extreme importance from a SCWR operational perspective. The reduced form, hydrogen sulfides (H2S), in gaseous phase, along with the formation of sticky salts by the oxidized sulfates (SO4), contribute to many of the sulfur catalyst deactivation reports in literature [ 14,15,34,45 ]. While, the presence of chlorine at a hydrolytic equilibrium rate in orders of magnitude higher than normal conditions leads to the presence of the highly corrosive alkali halides [ 23 ].…”