A novel route to perovskite lead zirconate titanate from glycolate precursors via the sol–gel process

Abstract

A perovskite lead zirconate titanate was synthesized by the sol-gel process, using lead glycolate, sodium tris(glycozirconate) and titanium glycolate as the starting precursors. • C; it transformed to the tetragonal and the cubic forms of the perovskite phase on calcination above the Curie temperature, as verified by X-ray data. The lead zirconate titanate synthesized and calcined at 400• C for 1 h had the highest dielectric constant, the highest electrical conductivity and the dielectric loss tangent of 10 190, 0.803 × 10 −3 ( .m) −1 and 1.513 at 1000 Hz, respectively. The lead zirconate titanate powder synthesized has potential applications as an electronic material.

Lead zirconate (PbZrO3) embedded in natural rubber as electroactive elastomer composites

“…The suspensions were homogeneously mixed by using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature for 24 h. [10][11][12] as shown in Fig. 3(b); it is irregular in shape.…”

Electrorheology and characterization of acrylic rubber and lead titanate composite materials

“…The FTIR spectra show a peak at 2829 cm −1 (νC-H); 1086 and 1042 cm −1 (νC-O-Pb bond); and, 573 cm −1 (νPb-O bond). 13 Lead titanate [10,11] The lead glycolate and titanium glycolate were synthesized by the OOPS process, [7 -9] whose products are less moisture-sensitive than typical metal alkoxides and the stoichiometry is easy to control. The lead titanate sol was prepared by mixing lead glycolate in a 0.1 M nitric solution (HNO 3 ) with titanium glycolate to form lead titanate glycolate with a mole ratio of Pb : Ti (PT) of 1 : 1.…”

“…This approach offers considerable potential for processing lead titanate materials. [10,11] A synthesis advantage of the oxide one-pot synthesis is the moisture-stable metal alkoxides and inexpensive starting materials. OOPS permits the low-temperature synthesis of alkaline and alkaline glycolate precursors of any stoichiometry including perovskite (ABO 3 ) structure.…”

“…[2 -7] From previous studies, [8 -11] the sol-gel process appears to be the mildest method for producing lead titanate, PbTiO 3 , ABO 3 (perovskite) structures from lead and titanium alkoxide precursors, although these precursors are moisture-sensitive. [10,11] Ferroelectrics with various connectivity patterns, such as (0-3), (1-3) and (3-3) have been produced for many applications. [12] Of these structures, the 3-3 ferroelectric composites, in which the ceramic and polymer phases are interconnected in three directions, are also of particular interest as materials for acoustic transducers, medical imaging, muscle-like actuators, and for nondestructive evaluation.…”

“…The X-ray difraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of PT were investigated. PbTiO 3 powders [11] were added to the acrylic rubber (AR71) at various volume fractions: 0.0, 0.00002, 0.00004, 0.0002, 0.0004, 0.002, 0.004, 0.02 and 0.04. Structural and electrical properties of the ferroelectric-composite materials were investigated and are reported here.…”