A Novel Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Potentiometric Determination of Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices

Abstract

A novel promising carbon paste electrode with excellent potentiometric properties was prepared for the analysis of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (THP), the acetylcholine receptor and an anticholinergic drug in real samples. It contains 10.2% trihexyphenidy-tetraphenylborate ionic pair as the electroactive material, with the addition of 3.9% reduced graphene oxide and 0.3% of anionic additive into the paste, which consists of 45.0% dibutylphthalate as the solvent mediator and 40.6% graphite. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the electrode showed a Nernstian slope of 58.9 ± 0.2 mV/decade with a regression coefficient of 0.9992. It exhibited high selectivity and reproducibility as well as a fast and linear dynamic response range from 4.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−2 M. The electrode remained usable for up to 19 days. Analytical applications showed excellent recoveries ranging from 96.8 to 101.7%, LOD was 2.5 × 10−7 M. The electrode was successfully used for THP analysis of pharmaceutical and biological samples.

Direct analysis of thorium(IV) ions concentration in water samples using a new carbon paste electrode

“…5 show that no remarkable change in the calibration curve slope was noticed for 100 days. The observed long stability of the developed CPE results from the surface renewability and low water penetration [45]. After that period, there is a gradual decrease in the electrode potentiometric slope, which deviates from the Nernstian behavior.…”

Advances in the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals by Using Graphene‐Based Sensors

“…Owing to the gradual sophistication of sensor development and material engineering techniques, [111–116] graphene‐based sensors have already played important role not only in basic research but also in real‐life contexts. One example is the rGO‐based carbon paste electrode (CPE) developed for potentiometric determination of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride in pharmaceutical and biological matrices [117] . It shows high selectivity and high stability.…”

“…One example is the rGObased carbon paste electrode (CPE) developed for potentiometric determination of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. [117] It shows high selectivity and high stability. Along with its short dynamic reaction time and long lifespan of usage, it may potentially be adopted for detection of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride in routine practices.…”

Potentiometric Determination of Maprotiline Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical and Biological Matrices Using a Novel Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

“…ISEs are widely used primarily because of their simplicity, are relatively inexpensive, and significantly reduce analysis time compared to other techniques [ 30 ]. For the determination of the active ingredients of various pharmaceuticals, ISEs are usually prepared by incorporating the electroactive substances into polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based membranes [ 3 , 24 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ] or carbon paste membranes [ 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Compared to PVC-based membranes, CPEs are not only faster and easier to fabricate, but also offer easier surface renewal, almost imperceptible ohmic resistance, and certainly more opportunities to modify the membrane composition to improve measurement selectivity [ 48 , 49 ].…”

“…To date, two papers have been published on the development of PVC-based electrodes for the determination of MAP [ 3 , 24 ], but none on the fabrication of CPE. Since PVC-based ion-selective electrodes generally have certain shortcomings compared to CPE [ 38 , 49 , 50 ], the aim of this work was to describe the development and application of modified carbon paste electrodes (mCPE) for the selective and accurate potentiometric determination of MAP, which has not yet been fabricated according to the authors’ knowledge.…”